Granular fertilizer caking: A research on the performance evaluation of coating agents

Caking formation in fertilizer products during handling and storage is a frequently encountered problem. Caked fertilizers become together as lumps, lose their free- flowing properties, and create inefficient applications. Several parameters such as relative humidity and temperature of the environment, pressure by pile height, and physicochemical properties of fertilizer product such as moisture content, presence of fines and chemical composition, etc. cause or accelerate caking mechanism. Internal or external anticaking products have been proved to be effective in preventing the caking of fertilizer particles. Liquid or wax anticaking agents are applied externally as coatings on the fertilizer surface. This study focuses on the performance evaluation of commercially available liquid- wax anticaking agents coated on NP 20-20-0 fertilizer, classified as three main groups: petroleum-derived, alkyl amine-fatty acid containing mixtures and bio- based composition. Caking performance of coating products are evaluated via small-bag storage test in 4 sets, according to the results, petroleum derived and alkyl amine- fatty acid containing anticaking products show similar performance, whereas bio-based products’ performance is moderate. This study focuses on a practical approach that will help fertilizer industry about which type of coating product will be effective on the anticaking properties of nitrogenous fertilizers and gives brief results of the effect of commercially available products with various ranges of chemical composition on the caking process.

PEMBUATAN BIOKOMPOSIT KITOSAN/ALGINAT/KOLAGEN UNTUK APLIKASI PEMBALUT LUKA

Pembalut luka merupakan tindakan keperawatan untuk melindungi luka dengan cara menutup luka yang dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan kasa steril yang tidak melekat pada jaringan luka. Saat ini, pembalut luka yang umum digunakan berupa bahan komposit. Komposit untuk pembalut luka terdiri dari absorben yang kontak dengan luka. Lapisan absorben tersebut akan melindungi luka dan menyerap cairan yang keluar dari luka tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat biokomposit yang berasal dari bahan kitosan, alginat, dan kolagen serta untuk mengetahui perbandingan komposisi yang tepat untuk menghasilkan biokomposit yang ideal. Penelitian ini dikerjakan di Laboratorium Teknik Kimia Universitas Malikussaleh. Metode yang digunakan yaitu dengan pengeringan pada oven pada pencetak kaca tipis selama 24 jam. Dengan mencampurkan semua bahan baku dengan volume kitosan:alginat:kolagen dengan perbandingan 40:60:50; 50:50:50; 60:40:50; 70:30:50; dan 80:20:50. Kemudian dimasukan kedalam oven dengan suhu 40oC selama 48 jam. Biokomposit yang telah terbentuk kemudian dilakukan pengujian lanjutan untuk mengetahui sifat karakteristik biokomposit yang terbentuk. Adapun analisa yang dilakukan adalah analisa gugus FTIR, analisa swelling, uji absorpsi dan uji ketebalan membran. Hasil penelitian dengan perbandingan kitosan:alginat:kolagen 40:60:50; 50:50:50; 60:40:50; 70:30:50; dan 80:20:50 dan untuk analisa gugus FTIR membran biokomposit ini mengandung senyawa alkyl halides, ikatan C-H, gugus alkyl amine, ikatan NO2, seyawa alkana (N-H), ikatan NO2, senyawa aldehid, keton, asam karboksilat, ester (C=O), senyawa alkuna (C≡C), senyawa alkana (C-H), senyawa fenol, monomer alkohol, alohol ikatan hydrogen (O-H), untuk uji swelling nilai yang di dapat adalah 119%; 223%; 260%; 345%; 355%, untuk uji absorpsi nilai yang di dapat adalah 212%; 220%; 407%; 500%; 562%, dan untuk uji ketebalan membran nilai yang di dapat adalah 0,19 mm; 0,1567 mm; 0,15 mm; 0,14 mm; 0,06 mm.

Chan-Lam Amination of Benzylic Secondary and Tertiary Boronic Esters

The Cu-catalysed coupling of arylboronic acids with amines, known as the Chan-Lam reaction, is used widely to prepare aryl amines. In contrast, alkyl variants of this reaction, while highly desirable, are underdeveloped. Herein, we report a Chan-Lam coupling reaction of benzylic boronic esters with primary and secondary anilines to form valuable alkyl amine products. Both secondary and tertiary boronic esters can be used as coupling partners, with mono-alkylation of the aniline occurring selectively. This is a rare example of a transition metal-mediated transformation of a tertiary alkylboron reagent. The method is operationally simple and tolerates a broad range of functional groups. Initial investigation into the reaction mechanism suggests that transmetallation from B to Cu occurs through a single electron, rather than a two-electron process.

Optimization of signal amplification by reversible exchange for polarization of tridentate chelating bis[(2-pyridyl)alkyl]amine

SABRE was successfully applied on bis[(2-pyridyl)alkyl]amine derivatives and it showed the highest amplification on bis[(2-pyridyl)ethyl]amine. DFT studies with AIM analysis reveal the mechanism of hyperpolarization transfer via SABRE.

Synthesis and characterization of bis(amine)palladium(II) carboxylate complexes as precursors of palladium nanoparticles

The synthesis and characterization of adducts of n-alkyl amine and palladium n-alkyl carboxylate, [Pd(R2NH2)2(R1COO)2] (R1=1, 7, 11; R2=8, 12, 16), as precursors for palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) synthesis was carried out...

Chan-Lam Amination of Benzylic Secondary and Tertiary Boronic Esters

The Cu-catalysed coupling of arylboronic acids with amines, known as the Chan-Lam reaction, is used widely to prepare aryl amines. In contrast, alkyl variants of this reaction, while highly desirable, are underdeveloped. Herein, we report a Chan-Lam coupling reaction of benzylic boronic esters with primary and secondary anilines to form valuable alkyl amine products. Both secondary and tertiary boronic esters can be used as coupling partners, with mono-alkylation of the aniline occurring selectively. This is a rare example of a transition metal-mediated transformation of a tertiary alkylboron reagent. The method is operationally simple and tolerates a broad range of functional groups. Initial investigation into the reaction mechanism suggests that transmetallation from B to Cu occurs through a single electron, rather than a two-electron process.