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2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Klingebiel ◽  
Heike Konow ◽  
Bjorn Stevens

<p>Mass flux is a key parameter to represent shallow convection in global circulation models. To estimate the shallow convective mass flux as accurately as possible, observations of this parameter are necessary. Prior studies from Ghate et al. (2011) and Lamer et al. (2015) used Doppler radar measurements over a few months to identify a typical shallow convective mass flux profile based on cloud fraction and vertical velocity. In this study, we extend their observations by using long term remote sensing measurements at the Barbados Cloud Observatory (13° 09’ N, 59° 25’ W) over a time period of 30 months and check a hypothesis by Grant (2001), who proposed that the cloud base mass flux is just proportional to the sub-cloud convective velocity scale. Therefore, we analyze Doppler radar and Doppler lidar measurements to identify the variation of the vertical velocity in the cloud and sub-cloud layer, respectively. Furthermore, we show that the in-cloud mass flux is mainly influenced by the cloud fraction and provide a linear equation, which can be used to roughly calculate the mass flux in the trade wind region based on the cloud fraction.</p><p> </p><p>References:<br>Ghate,  V.  P.,  M.  A.  Miller,  and  L.  DiPretore,  2011:   Vertical  velocity structure of marine boundary layer trade wind cumulus clouds. Journal  of  Geophysical  Research: Atmospheres, 116  (D16), doi:10.1029/2010JD015344.</p><p>Grant,  A.  L.  M.,  2001:   Cloud-base  fluxes  in  the  cumulus-capped boundary layer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 127 (572), 407–421, doi:10.1002/qj.49712757209.</p><p>Lamer, K., P. Kollias, and L. Nuijens, 2015:  Observations of the variability  of  shallow  trade  wind  cumulus  cloudiness  and  mass  flux. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120  (12), 6161–6178, doi:10.1002/2014JD022950.</p>


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hauke Schulz ◽  
Ryan Eastman ◽  
Bjorn Stevens

<p>Uncertainty in the response of clouds to warming is the leading source of uncertainty in projections of future warming. To a large fraction the frequently occurring shallow cumulus clouds in the trade wind region contribute to this uncertainty. In symbiosis with thin clouds of stratiform extent they often create various cloud patterns.<br><br>We introduce a neural network that is able to detect the mesoscale organization from GOES16 and MODIS satellite imagery in order to put eight years of ground-based measurements of the Barbados Cloud Observatory into the context of mesoscale organization. With this combination of long-term ground-based measurements from the trade-wind region and satellite image classifications, we overcome the common resolution limitations of satellite derived cloud products of shallow cumuli and are able to present the characteristics of shallow convection depending on the mesoscale organization with great detail.<br><br>By using back-trajectories and EUREC4A field campaign data, we show that differences in the atmospheric environment are not only present at the time of pronounced mesoscale organization, but are already distinguishable days ahead in LTS, wind speed and SST.</p>


2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (S307) ◽  
pp. 137-139
Author(s):  
M. M. Rubio-Díez ◽  
F. Najarro ◽  
J. O. Sundqvist ◽  
A. Traficante ◽  
J. Puls ◽  
...  

AbstractAt present, it is well established that previously accepted mass-loss rates (Ṁ) of luminous OB stars may be overestimated when clumping is neglected. Our Herschel/PACS Far-Infrared (Far-IR) observations of a set of OB stars allow us to improve our knowledge of clumping stratification, constraining clumping properties in intermediate wind regions. In this work, better sampled clumping structure estimates are provided for ι Ori, ε Ori and ξ Per as well as an initial estimate of the clumping properties of the wind from τ Sco. These observations will allow us to obtain reliable mass-loss rates and improve our understanding of the wind physics.


2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Hasanuddin ' ◽  
Amir Syamsuadi

This research backgrounded by prospective drubbing politics phenomenon incumbentcy carrythe wind region at Regency Indragiri Hulu. Remembering politics force and candidate dominateincumbentcy one that huge deep win General Election competition carries the wind Region at Indonesian.Politics actor that carries self as prospective as incumbentcy on Elect carries the wind Region at RegencyIndragiri Hulu’s year 2010 experiences failing (defeat blackballs). To the effect this research main issubject to be know prospective bust causation factors incumbentcy on Elect performing carries the windRegion and Region head Representative at Regency Indragiri Hulu year 2010. Reputed theory relevantwith about problem this is cognitive about power purpose and Winning Strategy theory. Where isprospective failing incumbentcy this was analysed from that candidate trick keeps power (status quo) byuse of its politics resource as prospective as region head that officiating and also analyses on prospectiveeffort incumbentcy and its success team at deep do Winning Strategy (Political Marketing).This Observational type is observational descriptive qualitative, by use of interview datacollecting tech which is a straightforward communication with observational informan and does Question-answer that is engaged research problem, then observation to word, give, and identifies happeningphenomena, and does analisis about data which is engaged Pilkada's management and performing atRegency Indragiri Hulu Year 2010. After been done its observational, gotten by observational result, thatprospective bust factor incumbentcy caused,First, candidate incumbentcy insufficiently optimal deeputilize its politics resource as official as be of power, as frail its Mass Media Mastery, its frail is ability doesloby politics to strong party at region (Local Politics Mastery),and optimalization reducing program exploit,budget and government facility for mengkapitalisasi elector society support. Both of, Winning strategy(Political Marketing) candidate incumbentcy also under investment strength, as pattern positioning thatdon't effective, amongst those on segmentation and targeting what do just gain control governance centerregion and politics force basis traditional it just and not dominates at other region basises that becomevoice granary outgrow at Indragiri Hulu's Regency, policy one that reducing implementable baseprospective performance incumbentcy all this time. Candidate (person) candidate incumbentcy one thatreducing gets place again at society heart, try a fall supporting political party (party) one that have no termbasis outgrows at Indragiri Hulu's Regency, and push marketing that responsif's reducing and notconspicuous of elector.Keywords: Incumbentcy, General Electoral, Political Marketing


2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 2160-2164
Author(s):  
Heng Yan Xie ◽  
Dong Dong Chai ◽  
Xin Zheng

In May 15th 2010, a strong wind occurred in Suihua, which caused severe damage of building. In order to get information about damage of buildings caused by strong wind, an investigation was conducted in May 18th 2010. Through observing and interviewing, the first-hand information on the damage of rural buildings subjected to local strong wind were got. Combined with the investigation results after the disaster, an introduction to the hazard around the local strong wind region in Suihua is reported. For half-timber houses, the enclosure structure totally damaged and the gable wall was almost totally broken. For masonry-timber structure buildings, the whole structure collapsed in the strong wind. Some conclusions were got: Some buildings conforming to design code is better than what were anticipated, but the rural buildings without official design damaged serious.


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