Abstract
Background: The identification of rupture-prone carotid plaques for preventing stroke remains a clinical challenge. Macrophage matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14, which contributes to plaque progression and destabilisation, could be a promising biomarker for plaque imaging. This study aimed to design and synthesise an MMP-14-targeted nanoprobe to noninvasively visualise the behaviour of M1 macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques.Methods: A fluorescence molecular imaging probe ([email protected]) was constructed by covalently attaching the fluorescent dye cyanine (Cy) 5.5, an MMP-14 substrate, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 5000-wrapped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and then administered via tail vein injection to carotid atherosclerosis models for in vivo fluorescence imaging. Additionally, carotid tissues and cultured macrophages were analysed for nanoprobe binding, and MMP-14 and inflammation-related marker expression was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.Results: MMP-14 expression significantly increased with plaque progression, along with the upregulation of MMP-2 and inflammatory M1 markers, CD68 and F4/80, and significant downregulation of the M2 marker CD206. All of cell, tissue and in vivo fluorescence imaging exhibited a favourable targeting efficacy of [email protected] for MMP-14.Conclusions: MMP-14, a cell membrane-anchoring enzyme, can serve as a biomarker of vulnerable plaques, and MMP-14 substrate-based [email protected], with an intense fluorescence signal after activation and good biocompatibility, can be applied to screen for and monitor plaque progression in vivo.
In Vitro and In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging of Antibody–Drug Conjugate-Induced Tumor Apoptosis Using Annexin V–EGFP Conjugated Quantum Dots
