induced labor
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PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256693
Author(s):  
Eri Kitamura ◽  
Masato Koike ◽  
Takashi Hirayama ◽  
Takehiko Sunabori ◽  
Hiroshi Kameda ◽  
...  

Induction and augmentation of labor is one of the most common obstetrical interventions. However, this intervention is not free of risks and could cause adverse events, such as hyperactive uterine contraction, uterine rupture, and amniotic-fluid embolism. Our previous study using a new animal model showed that labor induced with high-dose oxytocin (OXT) in pregnant mice resulted in massive cell death in selective brain regions, specifically in male offspring. The affected brain regions included the prefrontal cortex (PFC), but a detailed study in the PFC subregions has not been performed. In this study, we induced labor in mice using high-dose OXT and investigated neonatal brain damage in detail in the PFC using light and electron microscopy. We found that TUNEL-positive or pyknotic nuclei and Iba-1-positive microglial cells were detected more abundantly in infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortex of the ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) in male pups delivered by OXT-induced labor than in the control male pups. These Iba-1-positive microglial cells were engulfing dying cells. Additionally, we also noticed that in the forceps minor (FMI) of the corpus callosum (CC), the number of TUNEL-positive or pyknotic nuclei and Iba-1-positive microglial cells were largely increased and Iba-1-positive microglial cells phagocytosed massive dying cells in male pups delivered by high-dose OXT-induced labor. In conclusion, IL and PL of the vmPFC and FMI of the CC, were susceptible to brain damage in male neonates after high-dose OXT-induced labor.


Author(s):  
ANITA MADAN ◽  
SUJATA SHARMA ◽  
YASHASVINI YEDLA ◽  
JAGDEEP KAUR

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to compare progression of spontaneous versus induced labor in primigravida and multigravida women. Methods: Pregnant women admitted in Labor room of Bebe Nanaki mother and Child Care Centre, Amritsar during April 2019–March 2020 were selected for this study. A total of 200 pregnant women were selected and divided into two groups. Women in group A were induced while in group B were women with spontaneous onset of labor. Labor progression in both was compared. Results: In group A, the mean duration of the active phase in primigravida was 4.08±2.30 h and in multigravida was 4.02±2.20 h. In group B, the mean duration of active phase in primigravidas was 7.24±1.39 h and in multigravidas was 6.48±1.40 h. In group A, the mean duration of the second stage in a primigravida was 25.5±8.15 min and in a multigravida was 17.38±9.95 min. In group B, the mean duration of the second stage in a primigravida was 41.3±9.6 min, while in a multigravida was 22.72±6.2 h. Discussion: The mean duration of active phase in group A in the primigravida and multigravida was almost similar, showing that induction does not have any effect on the duration of active phase. The mean duration of the second stage of group A in primigravida was 25 min and multipara was 17 min showing that induction reduces the duration of the second stage. Conclusion: Induction of labor when done at the right gestational age for correct indication is beneficial to women as it reduces the complications caused due to the continuation of high-risk pregnancies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Luisa Mayol Pérez ◽  
José Manuel Hernández Garre ◽  
Paloma Echevarría Pérez

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is a significant contributing factor for neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical factors associated with umbilical artery pH variability and fetal acidosis at birth.Methods: This is a single center cross-sectional study in a public regional hospital in southeastern Spain from January to December 2019. The reference population was 1.655 newborns, final sample of 312 experimental units with validated values of umbilical cord blood pH.Results: Factors such as gestational age at term (X̄at-term: 7.26 ± 0.08-X̄no-at−term: 7.31 ± 0.05, p: 0.00), primiparity (X̄primiparity: 7.24 ± 0.078-X̄multiparity: 7.27 ± 0.08, p: 0.01), induced labor (X̄induced: 7.24 ± 0.07-X̄spontaneous: 7.26 ± 0.081, p: 0.02), vaginal delivery (X̄vaginal:7.25 ± 0.08-X̄cesarean:7.27 ± 0.07, p: 0.01), and prolonged dilation duration (X̄AboveAverage: 7.22 ± 0.07-X̄BelowAverage: 7.27 ± 0.08, p: 0.00), expulsion duration (X̄AboveAverage: 7.23 ± 0.07-X̄BelowAverage: 7.26 ± 0.08, p: 0.01), and total labor duration (X̄AboveAverage: 7.23 ± 0.07-X̄BelowAverage: 7.27 ± 0.08, p: 0.00) are associated with a decrease in umbilical artery pH at birth. However, only three factors are associated with acidosis pH (<7.20) of the umbilical artery at birth: the induction of labor [OR: 1.74 (95% CI: 0.98–3.10); p: 0.04], vaginal delivery [OR: 2.09 (95% CI: 0.95–4.61); p: 0.04], and total duration of labor [OR: 2.06 (95% CI: 1.18–3.57); p: 0.01].Conclusions: Although several factors may affect the variability of umbilical artery pH at birth by decreasing their mean values (gestational age, primiparity, induced labor, vaginal delivery and prolonged: dilation duration, expulsion duration and total labor duration), only induction of labor, vaginal delivery and total duration of labor are associated with an acidosis (<7.20) of same.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Dippel ◽  
Robert Gold ◽  
Stephan Heblich ◽  
Rodrigo Pinto

Abstract We investigate economic causes of the rising support of populist parties in industrialized countries. Looking at Germany, we find that exposure to imports from low wage countries increases the support for nationalist parties between 1987–2009, while increasing exports have the opposite effect. The net effect translates into increasing support of the right-populist AfD after its emergence in 2013. Individual data from the German Socioeconomic Panel reveal that low-skilled manufacturing workers’ political preferences are most responsive to trade exposure. Using a novel approach to causal mediation analysis, we identify trade-induced labor market adjustments as economic mechanism causing the voting response to international trade.


Author(s):  
Cameron Ballard-Rosa ◽  
Amalie Jensen ◽  
Kenneth Scheve

Abstract Why does the contemporary backlash against globalization in the United States have such a substantial authoritarian character? We argue that sustained economic decline has a negative effect on the social identity of historically dominant groups. These losses lead individuals to be more likely to want to enforce social norm conformity—that is, adopt more authoritarian values—as a way to preserve social status and this effect is greater the larger the size of other groups in the population. Central to our account is the expectation of an interactive effect of local economic and demographic conditions in forging value responses to economic decline. The article evaluates this argument using an original 2017 representative survey in the United States. We find that individuals living in relatively diverse regions facing more intense competition from Chinese imports have more authoritarian values. We further find that the greater effect of globalization-induced labor market decline in more diverse areas is also evident for vote choice in the 2016 Presidential election.


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