The impact of the Kurdish issue in Iraqi-Turkish relations after 2003

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  

The Kurdish issue is one of the sensitive issues in Iraqi-Turkish relations since the establishment of the Iraqi state in 1921 until the present day. At the beginning of the nineties of the last century, the emergence of a Kurdish entity began on the borders of Turkey, in return, the Kurds of Iraq established autonomy independent of the central government and established political institutions Independent that reflected the circumstances that arose after the Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait in 1991. These circumstances created a worrying situation for the Iraqi and Turkish governments, and Turkey had to take into account its interests in order to preserve its national security. As for the new reality after the American occupation of Iraq in 2003, It has produced a more dangerous reality, represented by the increase of Kurdish demands, leading to the establishment of a state independent of Iraq, and this represents a threat to the national unity of the two countries, which is rejected by other neighboring countries such as Iran and Syria, which include the presence of Kurdish minorities in it and accordingly there are commonalities between the two countries and this is what the details of the research answer and the importance of the research lies In knowing the hinge in Iraqi-Turkish relations, the Kurds desire independence from both countries and the establishment of a new state in Sham The Iraq and southeastern Turkey. Keywords: Autonomy, the central government, the Kurds, the region, the secession

Subject The impact of Beijing introducing national security legislation for Hong Kong. Significance China’s central government is using a process that bypasses Hong Kong’s legislature to pass a law that criminalises ‘sedition’ in Hong Kong and allows mainland state security organs to operate there. This will reduce the scope of political freedoms and autonomy in Hong Kong. Impacts Activist and confrontational factions within the protest movement will probably gain more influence over moderate elements. A legislative election on September 6 is likely to proceed as planned; opposition candidates will probably do well. Western governments, firms and NGOs will feel pressure to lower their stakes in Hong Kong. Mainland Chinese firms will probably fill the vacuum, tying Hong Kong’s economy more closely to the mainland’s. Regional cities such as Singapore, Tokyo and Taipei will probably benefit.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Akbar Ghafoori

Given that the geography of modern times was one of the most important factors affecting the relations between Iran and Iraq, in this article we have tried to examine the influence of Iraq's new political geography variable factors on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. For this purpose, regardless of the security implications of Iraq's geopolitical constant factors, with placing three variable factors in the political geography means population, natural resources and socio-political institutions in the form of five security variables for Lee Norji. Martin, meaning the political legitimacy, civil rights and ethnic and minorities, military strength, the strength of economic management and natural resources, fifteen areas will be formed (in the annexes, these fifteen areas are in the table). The question that arises here is that what is the impact of Iraq's new political geography on the national security of Iran? The hypothesis that we are looking to review it is that changes in some areas of geopolitical of Iraq, after the United States invaded Iraq, made threats to the national security of Iran. The main objective of this paper is to study Iranian security changes in the first ten areas and to present solutions. Since the Iraq has not achieved stability yet, next five areas need further research and in this article do not occur<strong>.</strong>


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (27) ◽  
pp. 211-258
Author(s):  
عكـاب يوسف الركابي

     Addresses've marked the international factor and its impact on the Kurdish issue in Iraq, 1958- 1991, the importance of having and the emergence of the issue on the Iraqi political arena this apparition Atzamn and effectively with the start of the formation of the Iraqi state on 23 August 1921 as a researcher and perhaps believed other massively multiplayer that the international factor, is the key factor and effective in feeding and the presence and persistence of the issue in Iraq, as well as the presence of some erroneous domestic policies practiced by some regimes and governments have to govern Iraq while dealing Tamla short-sighted with this issue, which formed another factor in the continuation of the impact of this issue negatively in Iraq as an endangered the national security of the Iraqi issues, but nevertheless we should not ignore the willingness of the Kurdish forces in northern Iraq, to ​​deal with the outside world and open up to the international factor on the inside account of this deal, which had a negative impact is the other to move away from national solutions to this issue.      From this point of touch research and clearly, the impact and effective powers of any international factor and some neighboring countries in the permanence and continuity in that case Bmngsatha formed weigh heavily on the shoulders of the Iraqi state since Ceccheha and so far as it turns out, that all the solutions put forward by the previous Iraqi regimes to deal with the Kurdish issue, not unlucky complete success as clear that the reason lies, as well as lack of seriousness in the adoption of the standard of citizenship, equality and social justice in those solutions, is the weakness of the Iraqi foreign policy, which also failed to stop foreign intervention in this case, Thus, the new Iraqi regime after 2003, be aware of this fact, viz., that any attempt to resolve the Kurdish issue within the framework of the Iraqi state, without the attention of the international factor and how to deal with him, it would be doomed to failure.


Twejer ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 987-1032
Author(s):  
Nayar Muhiadeen Hamadamin ◽  
◽  
Othman Ahmed Ali ◽  

This paper is entitled "Terrorism and Iraqi National Security 2003-2017: the Socio-Economic and Cultural Losses". It discusses the impact of the acts of terrorist groups, especially by Al Qaeda and ISIS on Iraqi national security. Besides, it highlights the impact of terrorist groups on the Iraqi national unity, and socio-cultural sectors of Iraq's society. The findings of our paper show the wide range extent of damages done by the two mentioned terrorist organizations on Iraq's national security, in terms of cost, time, and quality. Besides, the terrorist acts, especially that of ISIS, had a profound effect on Iraq's peace, stability, and had disrupted the social cohesion of Iraqi society. Keywords: ISIS, Al-Qaeda, National Security, Culture, and Iraqi Society


Author(s):  
Julian E. Zelizer

This book offers fresh narratives about U.S. political history by focusing on policy, political institutions, and electoral politics. It argues that the field of American political history, once marginalized, has been remade in vibrant fashion and now provides rich and original approaches and interpretations about America's political past. The book is divided into four thematic sections. Part I deals with the historiography of political history, and especially the intellectual underpinnings of the field and the multiple analytic foundations upon which it is built. Part II examines the challenges imposed by fiscal constraint in American politics, showing how policymakers were able to use innovative fiscal strategies such as Social Security and Medicare to build programs within such constraints. Part III considers the impact of the political process as it occurred in Congress, whereas Part IV explores how policy and politics intersected in the case of national security.


2012 ◽  
pp. 63-87
Author(s):  
Anh Mai Ngoc ◽  
Ha Do Thi Hai ◽  
Huyen Nguyen Thi Ngoc

This study uses descriptive statistical method to analyze the income and life qual- ity of 397 farmer households who are suffering social exclusion in an economic aspect out of a total of 725 households surveyed in five Northern provinces of Vietnam in 2010. The farmers’ opinions of the impact of the policies currently prac- ticed by the central government and local authorities to give them access to the labor market are also analyzed in this study to help management officers see how the poli- cies affect the beneficiaries so that they can later make appropriate adjustments.


Asian Survey ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 978-1003
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Chen Chen ◽  
Jun Xiang

Existing studies of the impact of economic development on political trust in China have two major gaps: they fail to explain how economic development contributes to the hierarchical trust pattern, and they do not pay enough attention to the underlying mechanisms. In light of cultural theory and political control theory, we propose adapting performance theory into a theory of “asymmetrical attribution of performance” to better illuminate the case of China. This adapted theory leads to dual pathway theses: expectation fulfillment and local blaming. Using a multilevel mediation model, we show that expectation fulfillment mainly upholds trust in the central government, whereas local blaming undermines trust in local governments. We also uncover a rural–urban distinction in the dual pathway, revealing that both theses are more salient among rural Chinese.


Author(s):  
Alizaman D. Gamon ◽  
Mariam Saidona Tagoranao

This study discusses the penetration of Islam in the Philippines, particularly the third wave of its expansion, which was brought by Sufi missionaries. It reinstates the historical relevance of Sufi ideas and approaches due to its contemporary relevance to the concept of social co-existence. The rational, intellectual and philosophical dimension of Islam is manifested in the cultural and traditional life of Muslim communities. The study also analyzes the impact of Muslim struggle for the development of Islamic institutions in the context of the secular state. The ongoing, unsettled debate between Islamic and government approaches to peace and development in Mindanao and Sulu continues unabated. Over the years, reforms were introduced, but in their midst, evidence of government biases and prejudices with regards to Islamic institutions have surfaced. Muslim leaders and intellectuals responded in the context of historical rights and freedom, but those views were often questioned as they are presumed to be incompatible with the national agenda for national unity. It was very recently that this incompatibility was readdressed giving support to having lasting peace and justice in Mindanao. The study argues that there have been substantial state-sponsored reforms which may contribute to the gradual advancement of Muslim communities. Though the path for the passage of Muslim concerns within the given condition is fragile and open to challenges, the study recognizes the prominence of inter-civilizational dialogue, from which the universal values of humanity will be embraced by both Muslim and non-Muslim policy makers. In addition, Muslim and non-Muslim communities in the Philippines need to embrace the universal principle of humanity and coexistence due to its relevance to the political stability and economic growth in the country.  Keywords: Muslims in the Philippines, Islamic institutions, Islamization, Muslim intellectuals, Reform. Abstrak Kajian ini mengkaji tentang kemasukan Islam, terutamanya gelombang ketiga perkembangannya, yang dibawa oleh para pendakwah sufi. Kajian itu mengembalikan semula sejarah penting tentang idea-idea dan pendekatan Sufi yang boleh digunapakai pada masa kini untuk mewujudkan keharmonian sosial di kalangan rakyat pelbagai agama. Pemahaman tentang Islam mempunyai pengaruh yang jelas terhadap kebudayaan dan tradisi Islam. Kajian ini juga menganalisis kesan perjuangan Muslim untuk pembangunan institusi Islam dalam konteks sebuah negara sekular. Perbahasan yang berterusan yang tidak menemukan penyelesaian antara pendekatan Islam dan pendekatan kerajaan untuk perdamaian serta pembangunan di Mindanao dan Sulu terus berlanjutan. Walaupun  bertahun-tahun pembaharuan telah dilakukan, namun terdapat bukti penolakan dan prasangka buruk kerajaan terhadap institusi Islam. Para pemimpin dan intelektual Muslim bertindak berdasarkan pada fakta sejarah dan hak kebebasan bersuara, namun pandangan mereka sering dipertikaikan kerana mereka dianggap tidak seiring dengan agenda dan perpaduan nasional. Baru-baru ini ketidakserasian ini mulai disuarakan semula untuk mendapat sokongan terhadap keamanan dan keadilan yang berterusan di Mindanao. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa terdapat pembaharuan yang dilakukan oleh pihak kerajaan yang boleh menyumbang ke arah  kemajuan masyarakat Islam secara beransur-ansur. Walaupun pendekatan bagi memenuhi hasrat orang Islam masih dalam keadaan yang rapuh dan penuh cabaran, namun kajian ini mengusulkan peripentingnya dialog antara peradaban dimana nilai-nilai universal manusia akan diperoleh dan dipegang oleh kedua-kedua pihak pembuat dasar iaitu  Islam dan bukan Islam. Di samping itu, umat Islam dan bukan Islam di Filipina perlu mengkaji dan mencontohi model keharmonian sosial Malaysia dan Singapura kerana kaitannya dengan kestabilan politik dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Kata Kunci: Muslim di Filipina, institusi Islam, Islamisasi, intelektual Islam, Pembaharuan.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document