An Efficient Query Optimizer with Materialized Intermediate Views in Distributed and Cloud Environment

In cloud computing environment hardware resources required for the execution of query using distributed relational database system are scaled up or scaled down according to the query workload performance. Complex queries require large scale of resources in order to complete their execution efficiently. The large scale of resource requirements can be reduced by minimizing query execution time that maximizes resource utilization and decreases payment overhead of customers. Complex queries or batch queries contain some common subexpressions. If these common subexpressions evaluated once and their results are cached, they can be used for execution of further queries. In this research, we have come up with an algorithm for query optimization, which aims at storing intermediate results of the queries and use these by-products for execution of future queries. Extensive experiments have been carried out with the help of simulation model to test the algorithm efficiency

Some History of Scholarship

Modern discussion of the Latin accent can be said to have begun in earnest with the publication of Weil and Benloew’s Théorie générale de l’accentuation latine in 1855. Responses to this work divided scholars strongly into two opposing camps—or rather, they strengthened and extended a pre-existing division into two camps that had originally concerned only the relationship (if any) between Latin metrical forms and the position of the Latin word accent. On closer inspection the two camps turn out to be rather loose alliances, but when the focus is on the Latin accent itself they rally around opposing answers to a central question: did Latin have a pitch accent or a stress accent? Chapter 2 sketches the beginnings of this battle and the main turns it has taken, and then argues that it is a mistake to see ‘pitch or stress accent’ as the crucial question, or even as a meaningful one. Even attempts to offer intermediate views mostly put a misconceived and unhelpful question at the centre of the argument. But if this question can be put to one side, some genuine questions come into view.

International relations, philosophy of

The philosophy of international relations – or more precisely its political philosophy – embraces problems about morality in diplomacy and war, the justice of international practices and institutions bearing on economic welfare and the global environment, human rights, and the relationship between sectional loyalties such as patriotism and global moral commitments. Not everyone believes that such a subject can exist, or rather, that it can have significant ethical content. According to political realism – a widely-held view among Anglo-American students of international relations – moral considerations have no place in decisions about foreign affairs and international behaviour. The most extreme varieties of realism deny that moral judgment can have meaning or force in international affairs; more moderate versions acknowledge the meaningfulness of such judgments but hold either that leaders have no responsibility to attend to the morality of their actions in foreign affairs (because their overriding responsibility is to advance the interests of their constituents), or that the direct pursuit of moral goals in international relations is likely to be self-defeating. Leaving aside the more sceptical kinds of political realism, the most influential orientations to substantive international morality can be arrayed on a continuum. Distinctions are made on the basis of the degree of privilege, if any, extended to the citizens of a state to act on their own behalf at the potential expense of the liberty and wellbeing of persons elsewhere. ‘The morality of states’, at one extreme, holds that states have rights of autonomy analogous to those of individuals within domestic society, which secure them against external interference in their internal affairs and guarantee their ownership and control of the natural and human resources within their borders. At the other end of the continuum, one finds cosmopolitan views which deny that states enjoy any special privilege; these views hold that individuals rather than states are the ultimate subjects of morality, and that value judgments concerning international conduct should take equally seriously the wellbeing of each person potentially affected by a decision, whether compatriot or foreigner. Cosmopolitan views may acknowledge that states (and similar entities) have morally significant features, but analysis of the significance of these features must connect them with considerations of individual wellbeing. Intermediate views are possible; for example, a conception of the privileged character of the state can be combined with a conception of the international realm as weakly normative (that is, governed by principles which demand that states adhere to minimum conditions of peaceful coexistence). The theoretical difference between the morality of states and a fully cosmopolitan morality is reflected in practical differences about the justifiability of intervention in the internal affairs of other states, the basis and content of human rights, and the extent, if any, of our obligations as individuals and as citizens of states to help redress the welfare effects of international inequalities.

Coevolution of landesque capital intensive agriculture and sociopolitical hierarchy

One of the defining trends of the Holocene has been the emergence of complex societies. Two essential features of complex societies are intensive resource use and sociopolitical hierarchy. Although it is widely agreed that these two phenomena are associated cross-culturally and have both contributed to the rise of complex societies, the causality underlying their relationship has been the subject of longstanding debate. Materialist theories of cultural evolution tend to view resource intensification as driving the development of hierarchy, but the reverse order of causation has also been advocated, along with a range of intermediate views. Phylogenetic methods have the potential to test between these different causal models. Here we report the results of a phylogenetic study that modeled the coevolution of one type of resource intensification—the development of landesque capital intensive agriculture—with political complexity and social stratification in a sample of 155 Austronesian-speaking societies. We found support for the coevolution of landesque capital with both political complexity and social stratification, but the contingent and nondeterministic nature of both of these relationships was clear. There was no indication that intensification was the “prime mover” in either relationship. Instead, the relationship between intensification and social stratification was broadly reciprocal, whereas political complexity was more of a driver than a result of intensification. These results challenge the materialist view and emphasize the importance of both material and social factors in the evolution of complex societies, as well as the complex and multifactorial nature of cultural evolution.

A GRAPH BASED OBJECT DESCRIPTION AND RECOGNITION METHODOLOGY

This paper presents a methodology for recognizing 3D objects using synthesis of 2D views. In particular, the methodology uses wavelets for rearranging the shape of the perceived 2D view of an object for attaining a desirable size, local-global (LG) graphs for representing the shape, color and location of each image object's region obtained by an image segmentation method and the synthesis of these regions that compose that particular object. The synthesis of the regions is obtained by composing their local graph representations under certain neighborhood criteria. The LG graph representation of the extracted object is compared against a set of LG based object-models stored in a Database (DB). The methodology is accurate for recognizing objects existed in the DB and it has the capability of "learning" the LG patterns of new objects by associating them with attributes from existing LG patterns in the DB. Note that for each object-model stored in the database there are only six views, since all the intermediate views can be generated by appropriately synthesizing these six views. Illustrative examples are also provided.