BASIC NUTRIENT CONSUMPTION AND REMOVAL WITH RAPESEED SEEDS WHEN APPLYING DIFFERENT FERTILIZER COMBINATIONS

In the context of different fertilizer combination applica-tion (urea-ammonia liquor KAS-32, liquid complex fertilizer ZhKU, and compound NPK fertilizerDiammophoska) N89P26K26S14, N70P26K26S14, N73P39K13S14, N89P39K13S14, N87P37S14and N71P37S14, we revealed increased removal of CaO to 15.6-20 kg ha as opposed to 13.8 kg ha in the con-trol; MgO to 12.3-16 kg ha compared to 10.2 kg ha in the control. Taking into account Ca and Mg removal without return, it requires the introduction of compound fertilizers containing these nutrients into the fertilizer system. Nitro-gen removal was 110.3-165.5 kg ha compared to 102.6 kg ha, and sulfur -10.9-12.8 kg ha compared to 7.8 kg ha in the control. The S/N ratio ranged from 8.9-15.4 compared to 14 in the control. For the most part, it was equal to 10.7-12.9 which was indicative of satisfactory sulfur supply to oil seed rape crops and the need to increase sulfur dose to 21-28 kg ha. The largest removal of all nutrients was found inthe variants with N73P39K13S14and N71P37S14; the highest yield was formed with N73P39K13S14with N:P:K removal ratio of 1:0.39:0.21

Integrated Strategies to Managing Meloidogyne Incognita and Soil Borne Fungus Infesting Cucumber in Two Consecutive Crop Seasons Under Protected Cultivation

Relative efficacy of various approaches to managing Meloidogyne incognita and soil borne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum in cucumber for two seasons was tested under protected cultivation. Several management practices adopted such as chemicals (fumigant, non-fumigant, and fungicide), organic amendments (Neem cake, leaves and oil, soil and seed treatment), and biocontrol agents (the egg-parasitic fungus, Purpureocillium lilacinum), all practices combine for the management of disease. Eleven treatments with untreated control in a randomized block design. Two significant parameters were measured: plant growth parameter (plant height, dry root weight and yield) and disease parameters (galls/plant, final nematode population, egg masses/plant and fungal incidence). All treatments significantly improved plant growth parameters and reduced nematode reproduction as compared to untreated check. The integration of formalin and neem oil seed treatment favor the low root galling index compared to all other treatments in both the seasons. Integration of formalin and neem oil seed treatment reduced nematode population and fungus incidence and increased the yield of cucumber during both the seasons.

Strategic Nutrient Enhancement of Mustard Oil Seed Cake by Briquetting and Koji Fermentation for Ruminants Feed

PurposeEdible oil industries are shifting to the increased production of cold pressed oils in order to preserve some of the vital nutrients the oil. Consequently, the seed cake residue would lack significant nutrients that are otherwise retained in the oils, thus making the quality of residue inferior when applying as cattle feed. MethodsIn this study, mustard oil seed cake (MOSC) was employed as the substrate and the nutritive and feed quality were enhanced using Koji strains viz., Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger, separately and suitable process parameters such as Solid: Liquid, pH, incubation time and inoculum quantity were optimized for the maximum nutritive enhancement of cold pressed MOSC. Changes in physico-chemical properties were analyzed by SEM, EDS, FTIR along with feed functional properties to analyze the quality. Briquetting of MOSC was employed for enhanced microbial encroachment.ResultFree amino acid (FAA) and reducing sugar (RS) were chosen as critical indicators of enrichment. A. oryzae resulted in 20.74 fold and 19.07 fold increase in FAA and RS respectively, whereas, A. niger resulted 13.24 fold and 3.04 fold increase. Critical parameters such as solid:liquid, pH, time and inoculum volume were selected. Briquetting resulted in efficient mycelia coverage as evident from SEM images and EDS analysis indicated enhancement in essential elements in the MOSC. Functional properties after fermentation indicated an effective transformation of MOSC. ConclusionUtilizing these seed cakes as cattle feed not only provide the required nutrition, but also helps in the efficient utilization of the residual waste oilseed cakes.