BASIC NUTRIENT CONSUMPTION AND REMOVAL WITH RAPESEED SEEDS WHEN APPLYING DIFFERENT FERTILIZER COMBINATIONS

In the context of different fertilizer combination applica-tion (urea-ammonia liquor KAS-32, liquid complex fertilizer ZhKU, and compound NPK fertilizerDiammophoska) N89P26K26S14, N70P26K26S14, N73P39K13S14, N89P39K13S14, N87P37S14and N71P37S14, we revealed increased removal of CaO to 15.6-20 kg ha as opposed to 13.8 kg ha in the con-trol; MgO to 12.3-16 kg ha compared to 10.2 kg ha in the control. Taking into account Ca and Mg removal without return, it requires the introduction of compound fertilizers containing these nutrients into the fertilizer system. Nitro-gen removal was 110.3-165.5 kg ha compared to 102.6 kg ha, and sulfur -10.9-12.8 kg ha compared to 7.8 kg ha in the control. The S/N ratio ranged from 8.9-15.4 compared to 14 in the control. For the most part, it was equal to 10.7-12.9 which was indicative of satisfactory sulfur supply to oil seed rape crops and the need to increase sulfur dose to 21-28 kg ha. The largest removal of all nutrients was found inthe variants with N73P39K13S14and N71P37S14; the highest yield was formed with N73P39K13S14with N:P:K removal ratio of 1:0.39:0.21

Ecological Assessment of Sulfur Content in Agroecosystems of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia

Studies were carried out on the territory of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Central Black Earth Region of the Russian Federation. The objects of research were the soil of nature reserves and arable chernozems that were not touched by agricultural activity, typical and common, the vegetation cover of natural biocenoses and agroecosystems, and organic fertilizers. The studies found that the background content of mobile sulfur in virgin soils is at a low level: 2.31 mg/kg - in a typical chernozem and 1.83 mg/kg - in an ordinary chernozem. According to agrochemical monitoring of arable soils carried out during 2015-2018, an increase in the weighted average content of mobile sulfur by 0.7 mg/kg to 3.3 mg/kg was established, compared to 2005-2009. However, the proportion of soils low on this element remains quite high - 90.3%. The main source of sulfur supply to the soils of agroecosystems (7.52 kg/ha) are organic fertilizers, the doses of which in 2015-2018 increased to 8.1 tons/ha. The average sulfur content in the steppe mixture of herbs of reserves is 0.3-0.4 mg/kg. The highest sulfur content among perennial legumes is clover (0.61%) and alfalfa (0.60%), and among legumes - soybeans, containing 0.34% of the element in grain and 0.21% - in straw.

Level of Sulfite Oxidase Activity Affects Sulfur and Carbon Metabolism in Arabidopsis

Molybdenum cofactor containing sulfite oxidase (SO) enzyme is an important player in protecting plants against exogenous toxic sulfite. It was also demonstrated that SO activity is essential to cope with rising dark-induced endogenous sulfite levels and maintain optimal carbon and sulfur metabolism in tomato plants exposed to extended dark stress. The response of SO and sulfite reductase to direct exposure of low and high levels of sulfate and carbon was rarely shown. By employing Arabidopsis wild-type, sulfite reductase, and SO-modulated plants supplied with excess or limited carbon or sulfur supply, the current study demonstrates the important role of SO in carbon and sulfur metabolism. Application of low and excess sucrose, or sulfate levels, led to lower biomass accumulation rates, followed by enhanced sulfite accumulation in SO impaired mutant compared with wild-type. SO-impairment resulted in the channeling of sulfite to the sulfate reduction pathway, resulting in an overflow of organic S accumulation. In addition, sulfite enhancement was followed by oxidative stress contributing as well to the lower biomass accumulation in SO-modulated plants. These results indicate that the role of SO is not limited to protection against elevated sulfite toxicity but to maintaining optimal carbon and sulfur metabolism in Arabidopsis plants.

Not Mining Sterilization of Explored Mineral Resources. The Example of Native Sulfur Deposits in Poland Case History

The sterilization of mineral resources makes considerable amounts inaccessible for future use and may be a barrier to the free supply of commodities. During the exploitation of mineral deposits, some parts of their resources become sterilized as inaccessible because of natural hazards or unfavorable economic conditions. Not mining land use and the social opposition against mining is the purpose of sterilization of considerable demonstrated mineral resources of deposits not yet engaged in exploitation. The native sulfur deposits in Poland are a good example of such “not mining” sterilization, which makes a considerable part of known resources inaccessible. On the northern border of the Carpathian Foredeep within the Miocene gypsum formation, the systematic exploration had demonstrated about 1 billion tons of sulfur resources located in the deposits of varied dimensions. The sulfur opencast mining and underground melting (the modified Frasch method) flourished from 1958 up to 1993. The increasing sulfur supply, recoverable from hydrocarbons, caused the closing down of sulfur mines, leaving a place with considerable untouched resources. About 67% of sulfur resources left by closed mines and of other explored but not exploited deposits are sterilized by the advancement of settlements, industrial plants, road construction, and by social opposition against mining.

Efficiency of foliar sulfur supply to soybean in different developmental stages

A soja é uma cultura de destaque mundial, cujos grãos têm inúmeros usos na alimentação humana e animal. Dentre os nutrientes essenciais o enxofre é um macronutriente constituinte de proteínas e aminoácidos sendo requerido em quantidade considerável pelas leguminosas. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o efeito da utilização de enxofre, via aplicação foliar em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da soja, sobre características de desenvolvimento vegetativo e componentes de produtividade. O experimento foi conduzido a campo sob delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x5 (3 épocas de aplicação via foliar e 5 doses de enxofre). A cultivar de soja TMG 132RR foi utilizada nessa investigação com as doses de 0, 250, 500, 750 ou 1000 mL ha-1 de enxofre aplicadas nos estádios V2, V2+10 ou V2+20 dias. A época de aplicação de enxofre foliar influenciou a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e a altura de plantas, sendo o estádio V2+20 dias a época mais recomendada. A resposta às diferentes doses de enxofre variou com base nos resultados do teor de clorofila foliar e a altura de plantas. Para a produtividade de grãos houve interação entre época de aplicação de enxofre e dose, sendo a dose de 731 mL ha-1 aplicada em V2 a de máxima produtividade de3690 Kg ha-1. Os componentes de rendimento número de vagens por planta e número de grãos por vagem não foram afetados pelas épocas ou doses de aplicação de enxofre. Para peso de mil grãos as respostas às diferentes doses variaram conforme a época de aplicação.

Evaluation of sulfur source and dose on the nutritional state and production of piatã forage

Sulfur deficiency in soils has become a worldwide concern for agricultural production. This study aimed to evaluate the concequence of variable sulfur source and dosing on the nutritional status and production of Piatã forage in a dystrophic Ultisol. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications. The 4 x 5 factorial treatments consisted of four sulfur sources (elemental sulfur pastilles [ESPA], gypsum [GY], gypsite [GI], and elemental sulfur powder [ESPO]) and five sulfur doses (0, 50, 100, 150. and 200 mg kg-1). The sulfur applications resulted in similar maximum shoot dry mass (SDM) production (16.66 to 17.69 g pot-1) with all sources. However, Piatã grass achieved maximum production in the treatments with 112 mg kg-1 of GI, 118 mg kg-1 of GY and ESPA, and 146 mg kg-1 of ESPO. The number of tillers, the leaf:stem ratio, and SPAD increased with increasing sulfur dose. The greatest increments of root dry mass (RDM) and of the tiller number were obtained with the ESPO source. Macronutrient concentrations in shoot dry mass tissue were in the order K > N > Ca > P > S > Mg. Low sulfur supply resulted in decreased Piatã grass growth with all sulfur sources tested. Differential responses were found with applications of different sulfur sources for SDM, RDM, and tillers number. The sources did not alter the leaf:stem ratio or SPAD index.