agronomical traits
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2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Fei Zheng ◽  
Meijing Zhang ◽  
Yiwen Zhen ◽  
Jianhua Yuan ◽  
Wenming Zhao ◽  
...  

The establishment of female inflorescence morphology is of great significance to the formation of final maize yield. defective ear1 (dea1) is a novel maize mutant with developmental defect of female inflorescence caused by natural variation. Morphological analysis revealed that the mutant dea1 was characterized as a “scar-like” crack on the adaxial side of the top of the ear, accounting for 28.6-100.0% of the ear length, with an average of 32.4%. The results of scanning electron microscope showed that there was collapse in the formation of paired spikelet primordium at the base of the axillary meristem. Most of investigated botanical and agronomical traits of dea1 were lower than those of wild type, except for ear length and hundred grain weight. The grain yield per ear of mutant dea1 was 35.93% lower than that of wild type, and the width of mutation crack contributed the most to the yield loss per ear. The identification of the mutant dea1 and the characteristically phenotypic analysis provide a theoretical basis for the study of the molecular regulation mechanism of ear development and the application of high-yield breeding in maize.The establishment of female inflorescence morphology is of great significance to the formation of final maize yield. defective ear1 (dea1) is a novel maize mutant with developmental defect of female inflorescence caused by natural variation. Morphological analysis revealed that the mutant dea1 was characterized as a “scar-like” crack on the adaxial side of the top of the ear, accounting for 28.6-100.0% of the ear length, with an average of 32.4%. The results of scanning electron microscope showed that there was collapse in the formation of paired spikelet primordium at the base of the axillary meristem. Most of investigated botanical and agronomical traits of dea1 were lower than those of wild type, except for ear length and hundred grain weight. The grain yield per ear of mutant dea1 was 35.93% lower than that of wild type, and the width of mutation crack contributed the most to the yield loss per ear. The identification of the mutant dea1 and the characteristically phenotypic analysis provide a theoretical basis for the study of the molecular regulation mechanism of ear development and the application of high-yield breeding in maize.


Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1252
Author(s):  
Aniello Luca Pica ◽  
Cristian Silvestri ◽  
Valerio Cristofori

In the new introducing almond areas, it is necessary to test the more promising almond cultivar and rootstock combinations able to guarantee the best agronomic performances according to the specific pedoclimatic conditions. With this aim, two almond trials have been established in an experimental farm located in the Latium region (Italy). The first trial (A) focused on the phenological, and agronomical influences induced by the clonal rootstock ‘GF677’ on the grafted cultivars ‘Tuono’, ‘Supernova’ and ‘Genco’, in comparison to those induced by peach seedling rootstocks, in order to identify the best grafting combination for developing “high density” plantings in this new growing area. The second trial (B) tested the phenological and agronomical influences induced by three different clonal rootstocks (‘GF677’, ‘Rootpac® 20’ and ‘Rootpac® R’), on the Spanish cultivar ‘Guara’ to identify suitable dwarfing rootstocks for “super high density” plantings in the same environment. Flowering and ripening calendars of the trial A highlighted as the medium-late flowering cultivars ‘Genco’, ‘Supernova’ and ‘Tuono’ could be subject to moderate risk of cold damages. The clonal rootstock ‘GF677’ seems to anticipate flowering and vegetative bud break by a few days in ‘Tuono’ when compared to the same cultivar grafted on peach seedling rootstocks. Furthermore, the yield per plant was always higher in plants grafted on ‘GF677’. The observations carried out in trial B highlighted as the flowering of cultivar ‘Guara’ were affected by the rootstock, with ‘Rootpac® 20’, which postponed its full bloom of about one week when compared to other rootstocks, whereas ‘GF677’ imposed more vigor to the cultivar than ‘Rootpac® 20’ and ‘Rootpac® R’.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Cai ◽  
Xuepeng Sun ◽  
Chenxi Xu ◽  
Honghe Sun ◽  
Xiaoli Wang ◽  
...  

AbstractSpinach is a nutritious leafy vegetable belonging to the family Chenopodiaceae. Here we report a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of spinach and genome resequencing of 305 cultivated and wild spinach accessions. Reconstruction of ancestral Chenopodiaceae karyotype indicates substantial genome rearrangements in spinach after its divergence from ancestral Chenopodiaceae, coinciding with high repeat content in the spinach genome. Population genomic analyses provide insights into spinach genetic diversity and population differentiation. Genome-wide association studies of 20 agronomical traits identify numerous significantly associated regions and candidate genes for these traits. Domestication sweeps in the spinach genome are identified, some of which are associated with important traits (e.g., leaf phenotype, bolting and flowering), demonstrating the role of artificial selection in shaping spinach phenotypic evolution. This study provides not only insights into the spinach evolution and domestication but also valuable resources for facilitating spinach breeding.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Khan Sony ◽  
Khaled Fathy Abdel Motelb ◽  
Tanushri Kaul ◽  
Mamta Nehra ◽  
Jyotsna Bharti ◽  
...  

Abstract BackgroundPlant genetic transformation involves in vitro callus induction & regeneration strategies that are quintessential for introduction of novel agronomical traits employing CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. However, lack of effective regeneration and transformation techniques for indica rice cultivars pose as the foremost hurdle towards genetic improvement in rice crop. We devised an astounding road-map to genotype-independent and efficacious in vitro callus induction, transformation and shoot regeneration protocol that emerges as an optimal therapy, universally adaptable to invariably any rice cultivar, in order to establish an ingenious CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing platform in this crop.ResultsWe developed a genotype-independent regeneration and transformation protocol employing mature seed-derived calli for indica rice (one mega variety- Samba Mahsuri and two salt tolerant wild genotypes- White Getu & Hamilton) genotypes to introduce important agronomical traits via CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing system. MS- and N6-salt based media reinforced with 2,4-D (2.5 mg/L); dicamba (1.5 mg/L); TDZ (0.1 mg/L), proline (1000 mg/L), and glutamine (2.5 mg/L) exhibited highest percentage (95-98%) of embryogenic calli initiation and development. Employing this novel protocol, we achieved unparalleled regeneration efficiencies within untransformed calli (90-94%) and transformed calli (81-86%) in these recalcitrant indica genotypes and significantly enhanced number of shoots (18-20) on MS medium containing BAP (1.5 mg/L), NAA (0.5 mg/L), TDZ (1.0 mg/L), zeatin (0.2 mg/L) and proline (500 mg/L). We successfully transformed rice calli with pCAMBIA1300-based marker- free NICTK-1_pCRISPR-Cas9 vector harbouring the cassette of plant codon optimized Cas9 via biolistic approach that exhibited notably enhanced transformation efficiencies (67-69%). The integration of Cas9 gene into rice genome was validated by PCR, Southern blotting and Sanger sequencing analyses. The transgenic lines were phenotypically indistinguishable from the wild type as no significant differences in phenotypic performances were revealed between transgenic and wild type lines. ConclusionWe devised a promising, time-efficient, universally adaptable, optimal hormonal-media therapy for triggering enhanced embryogenic callus formation, regeneration and transformation efficiencies, across recalcitrant indica rice genotypes.


Author(s):  
Priya Patel ◽  
R.K. Patel ◽  
K.G. Modha ◽  
Thokchom Joydeep Singh ◽  
Manju Singh

Background: Turmeric is an age old herbaceous plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae growing in Tropical Africa and India with huge national and international demands. Conventionally, turmeric accessions are characterized using morphological and agronomical traits but less work is done in molecular characterization which is needed for thorough trait identification. Methods: The investigation was carried out during Kharif 2016-17 and comprised of thirty diverse genotypes of turmeric analyzed for genetic variability and molecular diversity which were evaluated in randomized block design with two replications. Fresh tender leaves were used to isolate DNA and PCR was performed with 9 SSR markers. Result: The values of phenotypic coefficient of variation were slightly higher than genotypic coefficient of variation. Highest heritability was observed for days to maturity, genetic advance was observed highest for green rhizome yield. Out of 9 SSR markers, primer pair 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were reported to exhibit 100% polymorphism, whereas; in terms of PIC, primer pairs 6 and 9 were found to be highly efficient ones. The similarity coefficient ranged from 0.44 to 1.00 and dendogram categorized the 30 genotypes into two main clusters.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 11061
Author(s):  
Pronabananda DAS ◽  
Md. Monirul Islam ◽  
Md. Humayun KABIR ◽  
Md. Monirul ISLAM ◽  
S.A.M. Shariar ISLAM ◽  
...  

Mutagenesis is an important technique for creating novel mutants having improved agronomic traits. In this study, LD50 was determined at 807 Gy depending on the germination percentage of tomato seeds irradiated with cobalt-60, using absorbed gray (Gy) dose of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, and 1000 Gy with control. GR30 and GR50 values were 214 and 502 Gy based on the regression formula on seedling length. Though LD50 is important, the dose range between 214(GR30) and 502(GR50) is more functional to get desirable mutation as the survival of the mutants is more important than germination. The variation was observed in all of the agronomical traits among the treatments. Most of the morphological traits were found better at 250 Gy in comparison with the control and the value decreased sharply at higher doses followed. The highest weight of single fruit was 145.33 g recorded at 250 Gy while the lowest was 70.67 g noted at 500 Gy. The highest fruit yield per plant was 1270 gm obtained at 250 Gy and the lowest was 800 gm found at 500 Gy. Shelf life was found better (34 days) at the 250 Gy dose level and the lowest was 6 days got in the control treatments.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1986
Author(s):  
Sherzod Nigmatullayevich Rajametov ◽  
Kwanuk Lee ◽  
Hyo-Bong Jeong ◽  
Myeong-Cheoul Cho ◽  
Chun-Woo Nam ◽  
...  

Pepper plants are subject to complex environmental factors including abiotic and biotic stresses in fields, as well as the significant effects of climate changes, including low and high temperatures. Low temperature stress in the growth and development of pepper plants is one of the most critical issues, and directly impacts the crop yield and productivity of pepper plants. Therefore, it is essential to select and breed low temperature-(LT) tolerant pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars. This research was conducted to assess the agronomical traits of 39 pepper accessions belonging to the chili and bell fruit varieties which were cultivated under two different night temperature set-points: at 15 °C for a suboptimal temperature (CT) and at 10 °C for a low temperature (LT). The plant heights (PH) of most pepper accessions in a LT were significantly decreased compared to those in a CT. The stem diameter (SD) and the length of main axis (LMA) varied depending on the genotypes under LT. Moreover, the number of flowers (NFL), total number of fruits (NFR), fruit yield (FY), fruit fresh weight (FFW), fruit length (FL), fruit diameter (FD), and number of seeds in a fruit (NSF) remarkably declined in a LT compared to in a CT. The evaluated agronomical traits between LT and CT were further applied for the correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis. Notably, the FY trait was correlated with other reproductive traits including NFR, FFW, FD, and FL on the positive directions and thirty-nine LT-treated pepper accessions were clustered into seven groups by the hierarchical clustering analysis. The selected accessions were primarily involved in the positive trends with the reproductive index including NFR, FL, FD, and FFW traits and could be used for pepper breeding programs to develop LT-tolerant cultivars.


Author(s):  
Sherzod Rajametov ◽  
Kwanuk Lee ◽  
Hyo Bong Jeong ◽  
Myeong Cheoul Cho ◽  
Chun-Woo Nam ◽  
...  

Pepper plants experience complex environmental factors including abiotic and biotic stresses in field and the importance of climate changes including low and high temperatures has been emerged. Low temperature stress in the growth and development is one of the most critical issues, which directly impact on the crop yield and productivity of pepper plants. It is essential to select and breed low temperature-(LT) tolerant pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars. The research was performed to assess the agronomical traits of 39 pepper accessions belonging to chili and bell fruit types which cultivated two different night temperature set-points at 15°C for suboptimal temperature (CT) and at 10°C for low temperature (LT), respectively. Plant heights (PH) of most pepper accessions in LT were significantly decreased compared to those in CT. The stem diameter (SD) and the length of main axis (LMA) were various depending on the genotypes under LT. Moreover, the number of flowers (NFL), the total number of fruits (NFR), fruit yield (FY), fruit fresh weight (FFW), fruit length (FL), fruit diameter (FD), and the number of seeds in a fruit (NSF) were notably declined in LT compared to CT. The evaluated agronomical traits between LT and CT were further applied for the correlation analysis, the principal component analysis (PCA), and the hierarchical cluster analysis. Notably, FY trait was correlated with other reproductive traits including NFR, FFW, FD, and FL on positive directions and LT treated-39 pepper accessions were clustered into seven groups by the clustering analysis. The selected accessions were primarily involved with the positive trends with the reproductive index including NFR, FL, FD, and FW traits and would be used for pepper breeding programs on developing LT-tolerant cultivars.


Rice Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-492
Author(s):  
Uthomphon Saichompoo ◽  
Possawat Narumol ◽  
Pawat Nakwilai ◽  
Peeranut Thongyos ◽  
Aekchupong Nanta ◽  
...  

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