GAMBARAN KONDISI KESEPIAN MAHASISWA YANG HANYA MENGAMBIL MATA KULIAH SKRIPSI PROGRAM PENDIDIKAN S-1 UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN

Kesepian adalah kondisi yang tidak menyenangkan, subjektif, dan terjadi saat interaksi jika adanya kebutuhan dalam hubungan sosial yang tidak terpenuhi. Kesepian terbagi ke dalam dua jenis, yaitu kesepian sosial (terjadi karena hubungan pertemanan) dan kesepian emosional (terjadi karena hubungan keluarga dan hubungan percintaan). Mahasiswa Universitas Padjadjaran yang hanya mengambil mata kuliah skripsi mengalami perubahan interaksi sosial, seperti jarang bertemu dan perbedaan topik pembicaraan dengan teman yang sudah lulus maupun belum lulus, merasa tertekan oleh keluarga, dan perubahan dalam hubungan percintaan. Oleh karena itu, peneliti tertarik untuk melihat gambaran empiris mengenai kondisi kesepian yang dilihat dari kondisi kesepian sosial dan kondisi kesepian emosional pada mahasiswa tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 330 mahasiswa Universitas Padjadjaran dengan karakteristik angkatan 2013-2015 yang hanya mengambil mata kuliah skripsi menggunakan teknik proporsional stratified random sampling. Peneliti menggunakan rancangan non- eksperimental dengan metode penelitian deskriptif dan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menyebarkan kuesioner SELSA (Social Loneliness Scale For Adults) secara daring. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan mayoritas mahasiswa memiliki kondisi kesepian (n = 272), kesepian sosial (n = 271), dan kesepian emosional (n = 233) pada tingkat yang rendah. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kesendirian dan sudah dapat mengatasi kesepian yang dirasakan saat sedang sendirian.

Is Loneliness in Emerging Adults Increasing Over Time? A Preregistered Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Judged by the sheer amount of global media coverage, loneliness rates seem to be an increasingly urgent societal concern. From the late 1970s onward, the life experiences of emerging adults have been changing massively due to societal developments such as increased fragmentation of social relationships, greater mobility opportunities, and changes in communication due to technological innovations. These societal developments might have coincided with an increase in loneliness in emerging adults. In the present preregistered cross-temporal meta-analysis, we examined whether loneliness levels in emerging adults have changed over the last 43 years. Our analysis is based on 449 means from 345 studies with 437 independent samples and a total of 124,855 emerging adults who completed the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale between 1976 and 2019. Averaged across all studies, loneliness levels linearly increased with increasing calendar years (β = .224, 95% CI [.138, .309]). This increase corresponds to 0.56 standard deviations on the UCLA Loneliness Scale over the 43-year studied period. Overall, the results imply that loneliness can be a rising concern in emerging adulthood. Although the frequently used term “loneliness epidemic” seems exaggerated, emerging adults should therefore not be overlooked when designing interventions against loneliness.

The Effect of Mushroom Manager Behavior on Organizational Charlatan and Organizational Loneliness

The mushroom-type manager expects employees not to have much knowledge on organizational issues, but to follow the instructions and directives without question. This study aims to examine the effect of the mushroom-type management approach on the loneliness levels of the employees and organizational charlatan behaviors. Therefore, the research is designed in a relational screening model. The research was carried out in the province of Denizli in Turkey with 464 participants. In the research, the mushroom type management scale, UCLA loneliness scale-3, and organizational charlatan scale were used. Validity and reliability studies of the Turkish mushroom-type management scale for schools have been reconstructed. UCLA loneliness scale-3 and organizational charlatan scale were adapted to Turkish by the researcher. The data were collected with the help of electronic forms. Regression analysis was carried out to determine the extent to which mushroom type management predicted teachers’ organizational loneliness behaviors and teachers' organizational charlatan behaviors. As a result of the research, it has been found that mushroom management positively affects the other two variables. For this reason, school principals can be suggested mushroom management behavior.

Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Centenarians and Near-Centenarians: Results From the Fordham Centenarian Study

Although loneliness and social isolation are often discussed together, they are mainly examined separately. The few studies examining both concepts simultaneously focus usually on the wider category of older people (65+), with no or little attention to very old age. Our main aim was to investigate loneliness and social isolation in combination among near-centenarians and centenarians. Analyzing data from the Fordham Centenarian Study (N=94; MAge=99.2; range=95-107), we found no or very weak associations between loneliness and social isolation. Combining measures of loneliness (UCLA Loneliness scale) and social isolation (Lubben Scale) we built a typology with four different groups (Not lonely or isolated; Lonely and isolated; Lonely but not isolated; Isolated but not lonely). The factors that most strongly predicted the distribution among these four groups were gender, widowhood, education, and self-rated health. Findings highlight the importance of jointly studying both concepts to better understand social risks in very old age.

Validation of a Measure of Loneliness for Homebound Older Adults

The pandemic has disproportionately impacted older adults, highlighting the need to address social isolation for this population. Homebound older adults are at risk for loneliness, which is a correlate of poor mental and physical health. COVID-19 has exacerbated effects of social isolation by limiting contact with family and other visitors. In-depth empirical validation of loneliness scales is needed to examine the measurement of this construct for homebound older adults who are aging in place. This study examined the reliability and validity of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (v3) for a community-dwelling population of older adults who received home-based support services due to their homebound status or have chronic illness resulting in ADL limitations. Using in-home interviews, data were collected for 175 older adults using the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Reliability and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine its psychometric properties. Findings demonstrated the scale had good internal consistency reliability (ɑ = 0.91). Confirmatory factor analyses indicated a two-factor solution, 1) disconnectedness and 2) connectedness, accounting for 92% of the variability in the 20 items. The lack of meaningful relationships (ƛ = 0.73, p < 0.05) or having someone to turn to (ƛ = 0.68, p < 0.05) substantively contributed to disconnectedness. Feeling that there were people to talk to (ƛ = 0.67, p < 0.05) and turn to (ƛ = 0.76, p < 0.05) contributed to connectedness. Future research can further examine how quality of relationships and benefits of being connected to others can address loneliness and isolation for this population.

El papel de la autoestima y la soledad en el uso problemático del smartphone: diferencias de género

El presente estudio investigó las relaciones entre la autoestima, la soledad y el uso problemático del smartphone y las diferencias de género. La muestra fue no probabilística y estuvo compuesta por 202 participantes (106 hombres y 96 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 58 años, que completaron las siguientes pruebas: Smartphone Addiction Scale, Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults y Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Se calcularon los estadísticos descriptivos, la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, análisis de correlación bivariados y dos modelos de regresión múltiple jerárquica. Se hallaron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en el uso problemático del smartphone. Además, también se encontraron diferencias en función del género en las relaciones entre las variables. Los análisis de regresión mostraron que, entre las mujeres, la autoestima y la soledad social son predictores negativos del uso problemático del smartphone, mientras que la soledad romántica es un predictor positivo. El presente estudio contribuye a un mejor conocimiento de las causas del uso excesivo del smartphone.

The Length of Membership and Loneliness of Older Adults in Village Programs

Villages are consumer-driven programs supporting older adults to age in their own homes while staying socially connected through service referrals, coordination, and the organization of social activities. Although previous studies demonstrated an increase of perceived social support among Village members over time, few studies tested how Village membership influence older adults’ loneliness. To address this gap, a total of 112 members from four Village programs in a Midwest Metropolitan area completed a cross-sectional pilot survey on their social well-being between January and March 2020. The age of participants ranged from 51 to 92 years old (M=72.30, SD=8.38), over 74% of participants were female and over 88% of participants identified as White/Caucasian. The relationship between the 20-item UCLA loneliness scale and length of Village membership was roughly linear according to the Loess Curve. The scores of the UCLA scale range from 20-80 and higher scores indicate higher loneliness. The Cronbach’s alpha of the UCLA loneliness scale was 0.86 in the sample, indicating good internal consistency. The average loneliness score of the sample was 38.45, resembling the average of community-living older adults. Regression results suggested that a one-year increase in village membership was associated with approximately two points reduction in loneliness, holding all else constant. Being female, a racial/ethnic minority, retired, a driver, and having higher frequencies of socializing with friends and neighbors were associated with lower levels of loneliness among Village members. This pilot study provides initial support for the social impact of Villages and informs future larger sample longitudinal studies.