Parasitic Phytonematodes Of Pomegranate Agrocenosis Of Southern Regions Of Uzbekistan

The article provides data on the fauna and distribution of parasitic phytonematodes of pomegranate agrocenoses in the southern regions of Uzbekistan. The study revealed 30 parasitic species (22 ectoparasitic and 8 endoparasitic) of phytonematodes belonging to 2 orders, 8 families and 12 genera. It is defined that around root soil and root system of pomegranate plant are met such species as Longidorus elongatus, Xiphinema opisthohysterum, Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus, Bitylenchus dubius, Quinisulcius capitatus, Merlinius brevidens, Rotylenchus robustus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, H. erythrinae, Paratylenchus hamatus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Mеloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and Ditylenchus dipsaci.

Prevalence of viral diseases and isolation of candidates in nuclear stock plants of raspberry ex situ

On raspberries, currently about 30 viral diseases are known in the world that can reduce the yield and its quality. According to the results of previous studies in the Moscow region, the prevalence of viruses on raspberries was: Arabis mosaic virus(ArMV) – 14 %, Raspberry ringspot virus(RpRSV) – 30 %, Strawberry latent ringspot virus(SLRSV) – 16 %, Tomato black ring virus (TBRV ) – 18 %, Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) – 39 %. Viruses spread in agrocenosis with infected planting material, with tools, with pollen and seeds, nematodes – longidorids (Xiphinema diversicaudatum – ArMV and SLRSVvector, Longidorus elongatus – RpRSV and TBRVvector). The harmfulness of viruses on raspberry plants consisted inreducingthe productivity by 21 %, fruit masse– by 26 % compared with virus-free plants. The aim of the study was to study the species composition of viruses on raspberries to identify candidates for the nuclear stock plants. In serological tests, the ELISA sandwich version was used according, for analysis, diagnostic kits from Loewe (Germany) were used. Leaves were taken as samples. The results of analyzes were recorded on a Stat Fax 2100 hotometer at a wavelength of 405 and 630 nm. RBDV virus RNA was isolated using the CytoSorb kit, followed by RT-PCR. The species composition of viruses on raspberry varieties was studied under ex situ conditions. The total prevalence of viruses was 29 % with the predominance of the RBDV virus (19 %). 102 candidates for nuclearstockplants of 22 varieties of raspberries were identified. After confirming the virus-free status of raspberry plants by PCR, they will receive the category “nuclearstock plant”.

ФІТОПАРАЗИТИЧНІ НЕМАТОДИ ПРИРОДНИХ ЕКОСИСТЕМ ЛІВОБЕРЕЖНОГО ПОЛІССЯ (У МЕЖАХ ЧЕРНІГІВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ)

The species composition, frequency of occurrence, and the abundance of phytohelminths in communities of soil nematodes in natural ecosystems of the Left-Bank Polissia (Chernihiv region) were studied. Samples were collected throughout 2011-2016 in forest and meadow ecosystems on the territory of Chernihivskyi, Horodnianskyi, Kozeletskyi, Koropskyi, Menskyi, Ripkynskyi, Sosnytskyi, Semenivskyi, Shchorskyi and Novhorod-Siverskyi districts. Nematodes were extracted by a modified Baermann’s method from the 20-g sample. The exposition time was 48 h. Extracted nematodes were fixed in the triethanolamine–formalin (TAF, 2 % triethanolamine, 7 % formaldehyde solution, 91% water), and mounted on the temporary hydroglyceric slides. Nematode abundance was expressed as specimens per 100 g of dry soil. Seventeen species from three orders, ten families and fifteen genera were found. Eleven species (64.7 % of the species composition) belonged to the order of Tylenchida, four (23.5 %) – Triplonchida, two (11.8 %) – Dorylaimida. Eleven species (Gracilacus audriellus, Paratylenchus nanus, Tylenchorhynchus dubius, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Macroposthonia annulata, Diphtherophora communis, Trichodorus primitivus, Paratrichodorus teres, Paratrichodorus pachydermus, Longidorus elongatus, Xiphinema index) are ectoparasites, three species (Ditylenchus dipsaci, Pratylenchus pratensis, Hirschmaniella gracilis) – endoparasites, and three species (Hemicycliophora sp., Heterodera sp. 1, Heterodera sp. 2) – semiendoparasites. Phytohelminths in communities of soil nematodes in forest ecosystems ranged from 9.4 to 26.3 %. But in meadow ecosystems of the Mezin National Nature Park it was a dominant group (proportion in the community 47%). The most frequent species were G. audriellus, H. dihystera and T. dubius which occurred in 33.3 %, 33.3 % and 28.3 % of samples respectively. P. nanus, D. dipsaci, P. pratensis та D. communis – had frequency of occurrence 15 – 20%. Ten species of phytohelminths were found in 1–4 ecosystems (1.7–6.7%). G. audriellus and H. dihystera were abundant (124 and 56 specimens per 100 g of soil respectively).

Species composition and structure of complex of phytonematodes of ornamental plants under conditions of Kiev Goloseevskiy park

The purpose of the research: study of fauna phytonematodes of ornamental crops. Materials and methods. Studies were conducted in 2016-2017 years in Kiev Goloseevskiy park, Ukraine. Materials for studies were samples of soil, plants, larvae and adult nematodes. Production of temporal and permanent preparations, determination of nematode species composition were conducted according to common methods. Results and discussion. 41 phytonematode species belonging to 29 species, 16 families and 5 series were found in rhizosphere of ornamental plants of Goloseevskiy park. According to taxonomic structure 49% species of ornamental plant phytonematode complex belong to Tylenchidae, 36% - to Rhabditida, 7% - to Dorylaimida, 4% - to Enoplida and 4% - to Araeolaimida. It is reasonable to divide species of nematodes found in rhizosphere of plants into 4 groups: phytohelminths, micohelminths, saprobionts and predaceous species. Phytohelminths are 11 species, micohelminths are 7 species, saprobionts are 20 species and 2 species are predaceous speciesof nematodes. Cassagnau index was used in order to determine the state of dominance of dispersed species of nematodes (Cassagnau, 1947). According to this parameter Helycotylenchus dihystera, Aphelenchoides fragarie and Ditylenchus dipsaci were the predominate phytoparasitic species. The following species which we often found were: Tylenchorhynchus dubius, Pratylenchus penetrans, P. pratensis, D. destructor, Paratylenchus nanus, Rotylenchus robustus, A. ritzemabosi, species which we found rarely was Longidorus elongatus.

Some notes on the occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes of fruit trees in Slovakia

Forty plant parasitic nematode species were identified in soil of fruit orchards in the southeastern and southwestern areas of the Danubian Lowlands and East Slovak Lowland, characterised by light sandy soil of riverine origin, locally combined with drift sand landscape. They were <i>Ditylenchus dipsaci</i>, <i>Helicotylenchus canadensis</i>, <i>H. digonicus</i>, <i>H. dihystera</i>, <i>H. multicinctus</i>, <i>Rotylenchus agnetis</i>, <i>R. fallorobustus</i>, <i>R. goodeyi</i>, <i>Rotylenchulus borealis</i>, <i>Pratylenchus crenatus</i>, <i>P. penetrans</i>, <i>P. pratensis</i>, <i>P. thornei</i>, <i>Zygotylenchus guevarai</i>, <i>Pratylenchoides laticauda</i>, <i>Meloidogyne hapla</i>, <i>Bitylenchus dubius</i>, <i>Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus</i>, <i>Merlinius nanus</i>, <i>Macroposthonia antipolitana</i>, <i>M. rustica</i>, <i>M. xenoplax</i>, <i>Paratylenchus bukowinensis</i>, <i>P. elachistus</i>, <i>P. nanus</i>, <i>P. projectus</i>, <i>Longidorus elongatus</i>, <i>L. euonymus</i>, <i>L. juvenilis</i>, unidentified <i>Longidorus</i> sp., <i>Xiphinema diversicaudatum</i>, <i>X. italiae</i>, <i>X. pachtaicum</i>, <i>X. taylori</i>, <i>X. vuittenezi</i>, <i>Trichodorus primitivus</i>, <i>T. sparsus</i>, <i>T. viruliferus</i>, <i>Paratrichodorus macrostylus</i> and <i>P. pachydermus</i>. Many of the observed species are phytopathologically important parasites of fruit trees and some are also vectors of plant viruses. The frequency of occurrence, dominance and abundance of individual species were determined.

Longidorus elongatus. [Distribution map].

A new distribution map is provided for Longidorus elongatus (de Man) Micoletzky Nematoda: Longidoridae Polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Central Russia Russia, Southern Russia, Western Siberia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, ASIA, India, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, AFRICA, South Africa, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, Ontario, USA, Arkansas, Oregon, OCEANIA, New Zealand.

Natural abundances of 15N and 13C indicating physiological responses in Petunia hybrida to infection by longidorid nematodes and nepoviruses

The effects of a) systemic virus infection (arabis mosaic and tomato black ring nepoviruses), b) ectoparasitic nematode feeding (Xiphinema diversicaudatum and Longidorus elongatus) and c) a combination of virus infection and nematode feeding on the natural abundances of 13C(delta13C) and 15N(delta15N) of nitrogen-starved Petunia hybrida were studied. Pathogen-induced effects were not confined to sites of virus infection or nematode feeding. Those treatments with nematodes feeding on Petunia hosts and those with a combination of virus infection and nematode feeding resulted in a depletion of shoot and root 15N compared with controls. Virus-infected plants were more 15N-enriched than those fed upon by nematodes which, in turn, were more 15N-enriched than those with both nematode and virus in combination. Shoot delta13C values from infected treatments were not significantly different from controls. Although root delta13C was significantly different from controls in most treatments, absolute differences were small. Differences in delta15N between infected and control plants were probably caused by physiological responses to pathogen infection/feeding such as production of PR-proteins and/or release of nitric oxide. Le contenu naturel en 15N et 13C comme indicateur de la reaction de Petunia hybrida a l'infestation par les nematodes Longidorides et les nepovirus - La presente etude a porte sur l'influence i) d'une infection virale systemique (nepovirus de la mosaique Arabis et du cercle noir de la tomate), ii) d'une atteinte par des nematodes ectoparasites (Xiphinema diversicaudatum et Longidorus elongatus) et iii) d'une combinaison de deux types de pathogenes sur le contenu naturel en 13C(delta13C) et en 15N(delta15N) de Petunia hybrida deficients en azote. Les effets induits par ces organismes pathogenes ne sont pas limites aux sites de l'infection virale ou a ceux des attaques des nematodes. Compares aux temoins, les traitements comportant les seules attaques de nematodes et ceux comportant des attaques combinees des deux types de parasites provoquent une diminution du 15N des racines et des parties aeriennes. Les plants infectes par les virus avaient un taux en 15N plus eleve que ceux attaques par les nematodes, lesquels, en revanche, contenaient plus de 15N que les plants soumis simultanement aux deux types de parasites. Les taux de delta13C dans les parties aeriennes des plants soumis aux differentes attaques n'etaient pas significativement differents de ceux des temoins. Si, dans la plupart des traitements, les taux de delta13C dans les racines etaient significativement differents de ceux des temoins, ces differences restaient faibles en valeur absolue. Les differences dans les taux en delta15N entre plants infectes et temoins sont probablement la resultante de reactions physiologiques aux pathogenes, telles la production de proteines PR ou l'emission d'oxyde nitrique.