Growth of 100 mm indium antimonide single crystals by modified Czochralski technique

Currently there is a worldwide trend to increase the diameter of crystals grown from elemental semiconductors and semiconductor compounds. According to literary data the diameter of 3–5 semiconductor single crystals grown nowadays is 4 to 6 inches. So far up to 75 mm indium antimonide single crystals have been grown in Russia. Indium antimonide is the element base for the widest field of solid state electronics, i.e., optoelectronics. Indium antimonide is used for the fabrication of 3–5 mm range linear photodetectors and photodetector arrays used as light-sensitive material in heat vision systems. Growth heat conditions have been selected and 100 mm [100] indium antimonide single crystals have been grown using the modified two-stage Czochralski technique. The graphite heating unit has been oversized to accommodate a 150 mm crucible and a 4.5–5 kg load. The results of the work have provided for a substantial increase in the yield of photodetectors. The electrophysical properties of the as-grown single crystals have been studied using the Van der Pau method and proved to be in agreement with the standard parameters of undoped indium antimonide. Using the 9-field etch method of pit counting under an optical microscope the dislocation density in the 100 mm single crystals has been measured to be ≤ 100 cm-2which is similar to that for 50 mm single crystals.

Features Of Digital Colourimetry Application in Modern Scientific Research

The paper is devoted to digital colorimetry, has a character of review, and deals with the main issues of colorimetric calculations and transformations during digital colour registration. The presented materials are intended to help researchers already at the stage of registration to exclude colour losses and, accordingly, errors of measurements, taking into account the following features: – The connection of colorimetric measurements with digital circuit design is shown, which results in digital colorimetry as a tool for acquiring and processing accurate colour information about the object of study; – Important issues such as: selection criteria for parameters of photodetector arrays, colour separation systems, working colour spaces, formats of colour images, and post-processing methods for colour information of images; – Colour separation systems of photodetector arrays, their advantages and disadvantages, influence on the registration result and prospects of new developments in this field are described; – Working colour spaces of digital recording systems, and also colour systems are considered allowing maximum saving colour parameters of digital impression; – To understand human colour perception, the problem of hardware-independent reproduction of colour and images after image registration is considered; – It is proposed to use such colorimetric systems in the analysis of colour parameters in scientific studies, which give understanding of human image perception in the analysis of image quality. The paper gives a broad overview of the digital colorimetry main aspects and researches on this topic for specialists who use digital colour recorders as a tool in their experimental research. This material can also be useful for specialists with deep knowledge in colorimetry who use digital colour recorders as part of their main tasks in the definite field of science and technology.