Ergonomic Advice Dissemination Method in the Immediate Postnatal Period: A One-Month Follow-Up Comparison of Verbal and Pamphlet-Based Advice on Pain Scores

Background: Pregnancy is a period where the musculoskeletal system undergoes various changes. These changes can cause stresses on the joints, leading to pain in them. Along with this, hormones like relaxin and oestrogen can cause laxity of ligaments and capsules, which can be another cause of strain on the joints. The pain patterns developed due to this can be carried to the post delivery period also. Ergonomics are explained in this period in order for the woman to function with less pain. The methods of reinforcing ergonomics are explored in this study. Methods: 60 women were conveniently selected for this study. They were randomly assigned to verbal mode and pamphlet mode of ergonomic information dissemination at the start of the study. Pain was assessed at four points during the study: before, immediately after, a day after and a month after giving ergonomic advice. Results: The Mann-Whitney U Test and repeated measures ANOVA were used to assess the pain levels. The between group pain and comfort levels showed no significant changes over the course of the study. The repeated measures ANOVA, which assessed within group responses, showed a significant change over the course of the study (p-value less than 0.0001). Conclusion: Ergonomic information can be disseminated by verbal or pamphlet mode, the method can be decided as per the therapist’s and the woman’s need. Key words: ergonomic advice; ergonomic information; pamphlet; postnatal period.

A CARTOGRAFIA DA CONQUISTA: A FUNÇÃO DOS MAPAS COMO INSTRUMENTO DE LEGITIMAÇÃO DAS CONQUISTAS GEOPOLÍTICAS NO ESPAÇO IBÉRICO DURANTE O ALVORECER DA IDADE MODERNA

Esse estudo interdisciplinar entre Geografia e História tem por objetivo compreender como os mapas produzidos por cartógrafos ibéricos, sobretudo os portugueses, foram utilizados no processo de formação de seus impérios ultramarinos. Para isso, será feita uma articulação entre a história da expansão de Portugal e a produção cartográfica que a acompanhou, para mostrar que tal produção serviu à coroa portuguesa como instrumento de legitimação das suas conquistas, especialmente no continente americano, e como arma ideológica na geopolítica do alvorecer da Idade Moderna. Palavras-chave: cartografia, conquista geopolítica e formação dos impérios coloniais ibéricos. THE CARTOGRAPHY OF THE CONQUEST: THE FUNCTION OF MAPS AS AN INSTRUMENT OF LEGITIMATION OF GEOPOLITICAL CONQUESTS IN THE IBERIAN SPACE DURING THE DAWN OF THE MODERN AGE Abstract: The interdisciplinarity between Geography and History has proven increasingly fruitful, progressively generating relevant results, especially when dealing with topics of intense interface, such as geopolitics, from which the field of cartographic studies and the associated field of political historiography allow, for example, to understand maps as an instrument of legitimation of conquests and the starting point for territorialization. Thus, based on the premise that cartography, more than representing space, can also, among other functions, serve as a non-verbal mode of historical narrative, this article will show how the Iberian cartographic production, with emphasis on the Portuguese experience, was used in geopolitical clashes of the colonial space to validate the right of possession in the process of formation of overseas empires at the dawn of the Modern Age. Keywords: cartography, geopolitical conquest and formation of Iberian colonial empires. LA CARTOGRAFÍA DE LA CONQUISTA: LA FUNCIÓN DE LOS MAPAS COMO INSTRUMENTO DE LEGITIMACIÓN DE LAS CONQUISTAS GEOPOLÍTICAS EN EL ESPACIO IBÉRICO DURANTE LOS ALBORES DE LA EDAD MODERNA Resumen: La interdisciplinariedad entre la Geografía y la Historia ha sido cada vez más fructífera, generando progresivamente resultados relevantes, especialmente cuando se tratan temas de intensa interfase, como la geopolítica, a partir de la cual el campo de los estudios cartográficos y el campo de la historiografía política permiten, por ejemplo, entender los mapas como instrumento de legitimación de conquistas y punto de partida para la territorialización. Así, partiendo de la premisa de que la Cartografía, más que representar el espacio, puede también, entre otras funciones, servir como modo no verbal de narración histórica, este artículo mostrará cómo la producción cartográfica ibérica, con énfasis en la experiencia portuguesa, fue utilizada en los enfrentamientos geopolíticos del espacio colonial para validar el derecho de posesión en el proceso de formación de los imperios de ultramar en los albores de la Edad Moderna. Palabras clave: cartografía, conquista geopolítica y formación de imperios coloniales ibéricos.

Bridging the gap between machine translation output and images in multimodal documents

The aim of this article is to report on recent findings concerning the use of Google Translate outputs in multimodal contexts. Development and evaluation of machine translation often focus on verbal mode, but accounts by the area on the exploration text-image relations in multimodal documents translated automatically are rare. Thus, this work seeks to describe just what are such relations and how to describe them, organized in two parts: firstly, by exploring the problem through an interdisciplinary interface, involving Machine Translation and Multimodality to analyze some examples from the Wikihow website; secondly, by reporting on recent investigation on suitable tools and methods to properly annotate these issues from within a long-term purpose to assemble a corpus. Finally, this article provides a discussion on the findings, including some limitations and perspectives for future research.

Sobre la subordinación con "para + infinitivo" en español actual

This work describes a particular type of substantive clause: “para + infinitive”, where the infinitive has a [+posteriority] value and para is admitted as a subordinator. The work presents the relationships it share with final clauses and questions the relevance of the theory of language contact (Guaraní and Portuguese) as the only explanatory factor. To do this, it show that it is not an exclusive phenomenon of the variety of Paraguayan Spanish, nor of bilingual speakers, since it is registered in other areas (Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, but also Mexico, Ecuador and Argentina). It is proposed that some varieties tend to fix the synthetic subparameter (subordinate with subjunctive [+Flex]) and other varieties use the analytic one (subordinate with infinitive [-Flex]). In these cases, the infinitive is understood as a verbal mode, and para assigns nominative case or an optional mark.

Picturing a Thousand Unspoken Words

I explore how empathetic visual argument may be the mode best suited for eliciting appropriate force to the reasons given by arguers who face systematic identity prejudices. In the verbal mode, this force is often skewed through epistemic injustice (Fricker 2007), argumentative injustice (Bondy 2010), and discursive injustice (Kukla 2010). Highlighting their reliance on the Aristotelian sense of enthymeme, I show how visual arguments are highly context specific. Using Ian Dove’s Visual Scheming (2016) and the theory of the Retort collective (2004) via case study, I demonstrate how the visual mode can leave the appropriate force in the arguer’s control.

Case Studies–Political and Non-Political Cartoons

The genre of political cartoons purports to present a wittily critical visual or visual-plus-written-verbal commentary on politicians and states of affairs in the world. The genre is thereby of high interest for critical discourse analysts, as it lays bare a community’s ideological assumptions and does so in a pithy, easily accessible form. Moreover, the genre can get away with proposing ideas that, when presented in the verbal mode, would be unacceptably offensive or crude. From an RT perspective, it is clear that since cartoons typically appear in specific newspapers and magazine, cartoonists have a fairly precise idea of the target audience to whom they want to be optimally relevant. The chapter outlines the conventions of the cartoon genre in some detail, then examines four political and two non-political cartoons in the light of their communicative and informative intentions, aspects of reference assignment, implicated premises, and explicatures and implicatures. Other aspects that are briefly addressed are cartoons’ artist-dependent style, need for stereotypical depiction and caricaturization, deployment of metaphors, and loose use of visuals.

Introduction

It is a truth universally acknowledged that visual information plays an ever greater role in modern communication. Undoubtedly, language remains our species’ most sophisticated channel for exchanging information, but the verbal mode is increasingly complemented, sometimes even replaced, by other modes, among which the visual mode takes pride of place....

IDENTIFICATION OF THE GRAMMATICAL STATUS OF A VERB FORM: RADNI GLAGOLSKI PRIDJEV, KRNJI PERFEKAT OR OPTATIV (Gramatički status jednog glagolskog oblika: radni glagolski pridjev, krnji perfekat ili optativ)

The paper deals with grammatical, morphological and syntactical status of the verb form represented in the examples such as: Živjeli! Grom te ubio! Radio ne radio, nećeš uspjeti! Insight into Serbo-Croatian/ Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin grammar as well as scientific morphosyntactic literature resulted in identification and analysis of several different definitions of the mentioned form. The author concludes that it would be most appropriate to identify it as radni glagolski pridjev that functions as optative as a form of verbal mode. Keywords: radni glagolski pridjev, krnji perfekat, optativ, morphology, syntax.

Raciocínio Lógico e Escolarização

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito do modo de faz-deconta, formas de silogismos e tipos de fatos, no desempenho de crianças inglesas de 5 anos de idade, escolarizadas, de nivel sócio-econômico (NSE) médio e de crianças brasileiras de 5 anos de idade, nao escolarizadas de NSE baixo. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças, independentemente se escolarizadas ou nao, produziram maior número de respostas corretas e maior número de justificativas teóricas na condição de brincadeira de faz-de-conta do que na condição verbal comum. Este efeito foi especialmente marcante para os fatos desconhecidos e para os fatos contrários às experiências das crianças. Este padrão foi mantido para ambas formas de silogismos, embora em geral o desempenho das crianças nos problemas envolvendo Modus Ponens tenha sido mais acurada do que nos problemas envolvendo Modus Tollens. As crianças não-escolarizadas obtiveram menores escores do que as escolarizadas. No entanto, esta diferença não foi tão forte como aquela relatada por Scribner (1977) onde as crianças não-escolarizadas obtiveram baixos escores adotando um viés empírico. Em nosso estudo, apesar das crianças não-escolarizadas terem freqüentemente recorrido a justificativas arbitrárias, puderam recorrer a uma atitude teórica quando a condição de faz-de-conta foi adotada. Abstract The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of makebelieve mode, form of syllogisms and type of fact in 5-year-old schooled children from medium SES families in England and in non literate 5- year-old unschooled children from low SES families in Brazil. This study was a test of the claim that schooling is a pre requesite for deductive reasoning. The results showed that children, English or Brazilian, produced more correct responses and theoretical justifications in the makebelieve play condition than in the standard verbal mode. This was especially true for unknown facts and contrary facts. This pattern held for both form forms of syllogism, although in general children 's performance on Modus Ponens inferences was more accurate than on Modus Tollens inferences. Unschooled children s performance was poorer than schooled children s performance. However, this difference was not so strong as that found in the studies reported by Scribner (1977) where unschooled children performed at chance level, adopting the empirical bias. In this study, the unschooled children, although they very often appealed to arbitraty justifications, could adopt a theoretical attitude when the makebelieve mode was used. Résumé Ce travail de recherche a eu comme objectif principal l'investigation de Ì'effet du mode faire-semblant, des formes de syllogisme et des types défaits sur la réussite d'enfants anglais de cinq ans, scolarisés, niveau socio-économique moyen, et d'enfants brésiliens de même âge, nonscolarisés et de bas niveau socio-économique. Les résultats indiquent aue les enfants, scolarisés ou non, ont produit un plus grand nombre de réponses correctes, ainsi que de justificatives théoriques dans la condiction experimentale faire-semblant, par rapport à la condiction verbale commune. Cet effet a été plus net en ce qui concerne des faits nconnus et des faits contraires aux expériences des enfants. Ce résultat a été observé pour ¡ es deux formes de syllogisme étudiées, quoi que, en général, le nombre de réponses correctes a été plus important chez les enfants travaillant avec des problèmes em Modus Ponens, par raport à ceux travaillant sous modus Tollens. Les enfants non-scolarisés ont obtenu des scores plus bas que ceux des enfants scolarisés. Néanmoins, cette différence n 'a pas été aussi forte que celle mentionnée par Scribner (1977), qui a pu constater des scores bas chez des enfants non-scolarisés adoptant un biais empirique. Dans notre étude, bien que les enfants nonscolarisés aient fréquemment fait appel à des justifications arbitraires, ils ont, d'autre part, eu recours à une attitude théorique quand la condiction faire-semblant a été proposée. Resumen El objetivo principal de este estudio fue investigar el efecto del modo de fingir formas de silogismos y tipos de hechos en el rendimiento de niños ingleses de 5 anos de edad, escolarizadas, de NSE médio y de linos brasileños de 5 anos de edad, sin escolaridad de NSE bajo. Los resulados mostraron que ¡os niños, independientemente de si eran escolarizados o no, producían mayor número de respuestas correctas e mayor número de justificativas teóricas en la condición del juego de fingir que en la condición verbal común. Este efecto fue especialmente marcante para los hechos desconocidos y para los hechos contrários a Ias experiencias de los ninos. Este padrón fue conservado para ambas formas de silogismos, no obstante, en general el rendimiento de los ninos en los problemas envolviendo Modus Ponens haya sido mas preciso que en los problemas envolviendo Modus Tollens. Los ninos sin escolaridad obtuvieron resultados menores que los escolarizados. Sin embargo, esta diferencia no fue tan fuerte como aquella relatada por Scribner (1977) donde los ninos sin escolaridad obtuvieron bajos resultados adoptando una inclinación empírica. En nuestro estúdio, a pesar de los ninos sin escolaridad haber recurrido frecuentemente a justificativas arbitrarias, estos adoptaron una actitud teórica cuando fue usada Ia condición de fingir.