Hearing results after stapedotomy for otosclerosis: comparison of prosthesis variables

ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of different piston variables on hearing following stapedotomy.MethodsData were analysed in groups according to: piston material (titanium vs fluoroplastic), shaft diameter (0.4 mm vs 0.5 mm) and crimping style (manual crimping vs self-crimping). Pre- and post-operative average air–bone gap, air–bone gap difference, success rate and operative time were evaluated.Results and conclusionFifty-one patients (58 ears) were included. A post-operative air–bone gap of 10 dB or lower was achieved in 44 cases, with a success rate of 75.9 per cent; 52 cases (89.7 per cent) had an air–bone gap of 20 dB or lower. The success rate was higher, but not significantly, in fluoroplastic than in titanium pistons (85 per cent vs 70 per cent). Pistons with shaft diameters of 0.5 mm and 0.4 mm had success rates of 79 per cent and 72 per cent, respectively. No significant differences were found for any audiometric parameters. There were no significant differences between manual crimping and self-crimping pistons in terms of audiometric results or success rate.

Teaching the ‘Soul of English Language’ to the Learners’ of Schools: Bangladesh Perspective

Tense is called the soul of English Language (Hossain: 2000). It means the time, period or duration of any actions. Tense identifies the time of actions that happen as an accident or incident. Understanding Tense for a fresher is not so easy if it is not properly designed. The words ‘Tense’ is derived from Latin word ‘tempus’ which mean time (Agarwal: 2016). It is Tense that assumes an indispensable part in developing meaning. It is thought confidently that the present methods of the available books are considered as the toughest methods to the learners. The students fall in a hard situation to memorize the forms and structures frequently. And in that way it is quite difficult to compare one structure with other or others. That’s why it has been arranged in a new method such as Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite and Future Indefinite. The purpose of this paper and its graphical design is to convey the learners the proper ideas on Tense according to the newly designed style. The given style will provide 80% easy method to the students to obtain proper and long lasting knowledge on Tense. The APA style manual is followed for the research and the teaching method is found as fruitfully effective for the students as it is expected.

Citation Essentials in Scholarly Communication

This Chapter defines Citations, Citation Standards/Style Manuals and Scholarly Communication. It explains the importance of Scholarly Communication, and use of Citations in meeting the objectives of Scholarly Communication, especially in avoiding the accidental danger of plagiarism. It also explains how Bibliographic Management Systems (software)—both open / free and proprietary—have been helpful to the academics and researchers in providing standard methods of citations that is, both in-text citations and references list at the end of the text of the document while writing documents. It concludes by emphasizing the need for use of standard citation or style manual for proper dissemination of scholarly communications. There is a need for gaining adequate knowledge on how to cite and provide references in correct form in the publications to make them quality and scholarly works and also to avoid from the accidental danger of plagiarism.

AVOIDING PLAGIARISM BY USING MLA STYLE GUIDE

The writers of ancient literature of oriental civilizations did not give reference in their texts. The concept of giving references in texts was not heard of in those times. However, even in present times also many researchers do not cite the references or quote sources consulted by them, which can be described as an act of plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious offence where a writer merely copies the ideas of the original writers without acknowledging them. Proper citation of the sources consulted or quoted in the text can help in avoiding plagiarism students of literature must use MLA handbook for making their research work acceptable by the readers all over the world. When MLA style manual was published for the first time in 1951, it was of only 31 pages, whereas 8th edition of the manual has 146 pages. It has kept pace with the changing times and this article highlights the changes made in the 8th edition of the MLA style sheet.

Citation Essentials in Scholarly Communication

This Chapter defines Citations, Citation Standards/Style Manuals and Scholarly Communication. It explains the importance of Scholarly Communication, and use of Citations in meeting the objectives of Scholarly Communication, especially in avoiding the accidental danger of plagiarism. It also explains how Bibliographic Management Systems (software)—both open / free and proprietary—have been helpful to the academics and researchers in providing standard methods of citations that is, both in-text citations and references list at the end of the text of the document while writing documents. It concludes by emphasizing the need for use of standard citation or style manual for proper dissemination of scholarly communications. There is a need for gaining adequate knowledge on how to cite and provide references in correct form in the publications to make them quality and scholarly works and also to avoid from the accidental danger of plagiarism.