Discipline and Defence: The Military Influence on Policing and Imprisonment, c.1870-1913

<p>Discipline and Defence follows the influence of military discipline, tactics and personnel through New Zealand's police and prisons from the end of the New Zealand Wars until the eve of the Great War. At the beginning of this era, constables and prison guards were recruited almost entirely from the ranks of soldiers, and were used to "settle" Maori resistance to the growing Pakeha state by constructing infrastructure as well as wielding coercive force. As colonial society became increasingly settled by the 1890s, criticism of soldiers' drunken indiscipline coincided with an increasing separation between the police and military, although prisons remained under a military hand. However, the popularity of the Anglo-Boer War recreated the soldier as the epitome of virtuous manhood, and administrators once more sought former soldiers to fill the ranks of the police and prison service. Rising industrial strikes and labour's opposition to such popular militarism by 1913 brought an open conflict between these partially re-militarised institutions and strikers. Throughout the entire period, arguments over the correct form of discipline for New Zealand's men intersected with practical necessities to influence the ongoing role of the military in domestic policing and punishment.</p>

Discipline and Defence: The Military Influence on Policing and Imprisonment, c.1870-1913

<p>Discipline and Defence follows the influence of military discipline, tactics and personnel through New Zealand's police and prisons from the end of the New Zealand Wars until the eve of the Great War. At the beginning of this era, constables and prison guards were recruited almost entirely from the ranks of soldiers, and were used to "settle" Maori resistance to the growing Pakeha state by constructing infrastructure as well as wielding coercive force. As colonial society became increasingly settled by the 1890s, criticism of soldiers' drunken indiscipline coincided with an increasing separation between the police and military, although prisons remained under a military hand. However, the popularity of the Anglo-Boer War recreated the soldier as the epitome of virtuous manhood, and administrators once more sought former soldiers to fill the ranks of the police and prison service. Rising industrial strikes and labour's opposition to such popular militarism by 1913 brought an open conflict between these partially re-militarised institutions and strikers. Throughout the entire period, arguments over the correct form of discipline for New Zealand's men intersected with practical necessities to influence the ongoing role of the military in domestic policing and punishment.</p>

Oral Corrective Feedback Strategies and Learner Uptake in EFL Setting

<p>This study investigates the strategies of oral corrective feedback applied by senior teachers in EFL speaking classes. It is to shed light on whether those strategies used are effective to lead the repair uptake. Additionally, it is to find out the attempts done by the learners to repair their errors. This study applies a qualitative method that uses classroom observations as the technique for collecting the data. The data are taken from speaking classes taught by three senior teachers in three universities. The study reveals that the corrective feedback strategies of correct forms elicited were effective to lead to repair uptake. Those were elicitation, clarification request, repetition, and metalinguistic cue. Related to uptake, the learners attempted to achieve well-formed sentences by the process of Needs Repair to Repair uptake. It involved the same errors and acknowledgment for Needs Repair and incorporation, repetition, and self-repair for repair uptake. It is recommended that teachers apply the correct form elicited corrective feedback strategies to correct learners’ erroneous forms and provide the uptake since it is the learning process.</p><p>Keywords: Oral Corrective Feedback strategies, Learners’ uptake, Repair, Needs Repair </p>

Corrigendum to “Comparison of six types of rough approximations based on j-neighborhood space and j-adhesion neighborhood space"

The main aims of this paper are to show that some results presented in [1] are erroneous. To this end, we provide some counterexamples to demonstrate our claim, and give the correct form of the incorrect results in [1]. Also, some improvements for the definition of accuracy measure is proposed. Furthermore, we show that the relationships given in the three figures need not be true in general, and determine the conditions under which they are correct. Finally, a medical application in the decision-making of the diagnosis of dengue fever is examined.

The Role of Spontaneous Repetitions During Treatment of Morphosyntactic Forms for Children With Developmental Language Disorder

Purpose Children with developmental language disorder sometimes spontaneously repeat clinician models of morphemes targeted for treatment. We examine how spontaneous repeating of clinician models in the form of recasts associates with improved child production of those emerging morphemes. Method Forty-seven preschool children with developmental language disorder participated in Enhanced Conversational Recast therapy and were monitored for spontaneous repetitions of morphemes modeled by the clinician through conversational recasting. We calculated proportion of correct and incorrect productions elicited during treatment and for generalization probes as well as treatment effect sizes. We then used odds ratios to determine the probability that a spontaneous repetition may precede treatment gains and calculated correlations of correct repetitions with correct in-treatment productions of targets and treatment effect sizes. Results Spontaneous repetitions were highly likely to happen just prior to meaningful treatment progress. Children with higher frequencies of correct spontaneous repetitions of morpheme targets also showed higher frequencies of correct productions of these forms during the course of treatment. Furthermore, children with an earlier onset of repetitions and higher frequencies of correct repetitions showed overall larger effect sizes at the end of treatment. Conclusions Children's use of correct forms in their repetitions may serve as a self-scaffold for mastering productions of the correct form via structural priming mechanisms. Tracking spontaneously repeated targets may be a useful milestone for identifying response to treatment.

The Era of Transformation in the History of Europe from the Point of View of Civilizational Content

One of the most studied, debated, noticeable and important gaps in history is the transition period between the Middle Ages and Modern Times. This is primarily due to the specifics of the civilizational development of Europe in this period. It is almost universally accepted that its essence is connected with the transition from feudalism to capitalism. This era is ‘transitional’ and includes many different transformations: cultural, mental economic, political, when instead of an ethno-political space, a national-political world is formed. Therefore, it makes sense to call it so — the era of transformation, when the agrarian economy is transformed into a post-agrarian one, although not yet ‘industrial’, ‘pagan’ culture comes out from the ‘underground’ and actively pushes the Christian religion-ideology, ‘A Christian’ becomes a ‘free person’, etc. It is during this period that civilizationally significant processes begin and end: - The Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Counter-Reformation are coming to an end. - There is basically a ‘progressive’ stage of absolutism. - All means of ‘feudal redistribution’ of Europe have been exhausted (The Italian Crusades, the Thirty Years’ War). - The final division into ‘national states’ takes place. - Geographical discoveries are being fully completed. - In general, the first stage of the technical revolution is coming to an end. - A new bourgeois type of man is being actively formed. This article offers a brief analysis of this period as a special Era of Transformation, within which complex processes take place: Renovatio – as a ‘return’ to the state of culture ‘before the fall’ (first of all, ancient); Reformatio – as a ‘return’ to the ‘correct’ form of Christianity (‘early Christianity’); Revolutio – as a ‘return’ to the ‘correct’ form of government (a wide range from the ‘Roman Republic’ to the traditional German community or the Old Testament model). They are difficult to relate, they do not go synchronously, during the period they significantly change their meaning, at the same time, the logic of civilizational development implies a movement from Renovatio to Revolutio, from cultural deformations and changes to the replacement of the social system.

The Effects of Omitted Variable on Multicollinearity in Hierarchical Linear Modelling

This study investigates the impact of violation of the assumption of the hierarchical linear model where covariate of level – 1 collinear with the correct functional and omitted variable model. This was carried out via Monte Carlo simulation. In an attempt to achieve this omitted variable bias was introduced. The study considers the multicollinearity effects when the models are in the correct form and when they are not in the correct form. Also, multicollinearity test was carried out on the data set to find out whether there is presence of multicollinearity among the data set using Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). At the end of the study, the result shows that, omitted variable has tremendous impact on hierarchical linear model.

The Balance between Energy, Environmental Security, and Technical Performance: The Regulatory Challenge of Nanofluids

Nowadays, numerous studies on nanomaterials (NMs) and Nanofluids (NFs) are account a plethora of applications. With the scientific society’s common goal of fulfilling the target of sustainable development proposed by the UN by 2030, it is necessary to combine efforts based on the scientific and technological knowledge already acquired, to apply these new systems with safety. There are thousands of publications that examine the use of NFs, their benefits and drawbacks, properties, behaviors, etc., but very little is known about the safety of some of these systems at a laboratory and industrial scale. What is the correct form of manipulating, storing, or even destroying them? What is their life cycle, and are they likely to be reused? Depending on the nanoparticles, the characteristics of the base fluid (water, propylene glycol, or even an ionic liquid) and the addition or not of additives/surfactants, the safety issue becomes complex. In this study, general data regarding the safety of NF (synthetic and natural) are discussed, for a necessary reflection leading to the elaboration of a methodology looking at the near future, intended to be sustainable at the level of existing resources, health, and environmental protection, paving the way for safer industrial and medical applications. A discussion on the efficient use of nanofluids with melanin (natural NM) and TiO2 in a pilot heat collector for domestic solar energy applications illustrates this methodology, showing that technical advantages can be restricted by their environment and safety/security implications.

Processing possessives in simultaneous interpreting from English to Polish

The present paper reports on an experiment in which the use of possessives is investigated in an interpreting task from English to Polish. The English possessive determiner system is neutral with respect to the syntactic position of the antecedent possessor, while Polish distinguishes lexically between locally bound – i.e. reflexive – and non-reflexive possessive modifiers. The interpreter therefore has to ‘compute’ mentally the syntactic position of the antecedent possessor in order to make the correct choice in Polish as the target language. The study shows that this is cognitively a very demanding task in simultaneous interpreting, as many errors as well as self-corrections occur. The study furthermore shows that interpreters adapt their language to their audience, and adequate omissions, as well as correct form of the possessive occur more often when they have a group of engineers in mind than when they interpret for language specialists. We understand this to mean that the cognitive complexity of solving the cross-linguistic asymmetry in the possessive system causes more errors when the interpreter stays closer to the source text in speaking to language specialists.

FPGA based Edge Detection using Sobel Filter

In image processing, Sobel operator is utilised especially inside algorithms of edge-detection. It is a discreet differentiation operator which calculates the gradient approximation of the function picture intensity. The outcome of the Sobel operation at each location of the image is either the appropriate gradient vector or the vector standard. The Sobel operator relies on the image being converted into horizontal and vertical with a tiny, separable and integrated valued filter. This means that the computation is quite inexpensive. PAN Poanta satellite image was used for this work using Java, Core Java in GDAL package. As compared to in built Sobel operator, the image generated for this work is very fine and sharp as a result of noise suppression to a considerable extent. Inorder to do edge detection efficiently with minimal amount of false results, a correct form of Sobel filter ( I’=√(I*X)²+(I*Y)2 ) was used instead of the approximation(I’=I*X+I*Y) for the sake of computation.