IBN KHALDUN AND KHALDOUNIA: A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

This study seeks to contribute to the formation of an outcome of ‎knowledge and methodology capable of reconstructing the Khaldunian ‎perception, especially in the tools it adopted in reading and writing history, ‎based on the mechanisms that control this history from the asabiyyah ‎analogy, or in re-aligning the historical method by rejecting attribution and ‎adopting natures Urbanism is a criterion for distinguishing between news ‎and facts according to what history provides, not what isnad means in its ‎jurisprudential style, which reads events in isolation from social, political ‎and economic contexts. ‎‎ What this methodology, Ibn Khaldun was able to present an original ‎alternative to reading history and raising it to the point of objectivity in ‎looking at facts and phenomena, but we think that the author of the ‎introduction neglected while presenting his vision in the science of ‎urbanism about a number of changes that had an effective effect on ‎influencing history and Directing its course, and the commercial and ‎mystical variable is one of the most prominent of these components that ‎Ibn Khaldun did not include in his intellectual and historical system, until ‎his vision equals the required efficiency in the distinctive pattern of him, his ‎thought, and its renewal‎‎‎. Keywords: Human Urbanism, Asabiyyah, The mystic variant, ‎Commercial variable

Development of an Abbreviated Adult Reading History Questionnaire (ARHQ-Brief) Using a Machine Learning Approach

Several crucial reasons exist to identify whether an adult has had reading disorder (RD) and to predict a child’s likelihood of developing RD. The Adult Reading History Questionnaire (ARHQ) is among the most commonly used self-reported questionnaires. High ARHQ scores indicate an increased likelihood that an adult had RD as a child, and that their children may develop RD. This study focused on whether a subset of ARHQ items (ARHQ-brief) could be equally effective in assessing adults’ reading history as the full ARHQ. We used a machine learning approach, lasso (known as L1 regularization), and identified 6 of 23 items that resulted in the ARHQ-brief. Data from 97 adults and 47 children were included. With the ARHQ-brief, we report a threshold of 0.323 as suitable to identify past likelihood of RD in adults with a sensitivity of 72.4% and a specificity of 81.5%. Comparison of predictive performances between ARHQ-brief and the full ARHQ showed that ARHQ-brief explained an additional 10%–35.2% of the variance in adult and child reading. Furthermore, we validated ARHQ-brief’s superior ability to predict reading ability using an independent sample of 28 children. We close by discussing limitations and future directions.

Partition of Indian Subcontinent: A Thought-Provoking Outcome of the Prevailing “Anachronistic” Approach to Religion instead of “Modern”

Understanding of the holocaust event, ‘Partition of Indian Subcontinent’(1947) still appears a problematic chapter to deal with even after more than seven decades of the holocaust event not only for millions of Indians and Pakistanis but for many in abroad too. The momentous event still continues to tantalize many historians, writers, researchers and scholars at present day context even. Reading history is not enough to understand this event of great vastness. Literary representation of Partition also plays a significant role in this regard. The cataclysmic event has been documented in a wide range of literary genres -fictions, non-fictions, poetry, memoirs, oral history etc., published in multiple languages in many countries. All the writers try to capture the most harrowing scenes of the turbulent period of history as per their immensity of experiences and meticulous observation. Besides many reasons responsible for the Partition, the underlying ‘anachronistic’ approach to ‘religion’ is noticed as the most prominent one in resulting the thought-provoking disaster of 1947. The present paper seeks to explore ‘the’ least attended aspect but ‘the’ most important reason of the holocaust i.e. the prevailing anachronistic approach to “religion” instead of “modern” with special reference to Brent Nonbri’s idea of “modern concept” of an “ancient( traditional)” notion of “religion.”

ARKOUN AND ORIENTALISM: AN APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MODERNITY AND ORIENTALISM

With th rise of the Western renaissance in the modern era and the subsequent advanced material civilization The intellectual struggle began between the West and the East, and Western intellectual production began to be concerned with Islam and Islamic heritage, And this production was found among the children of the Islamic world who are fascinated by this Western civilization One of the results of this civilization shock was that the Muslim modernists adopted the views of the Western Orientalists, and these oriental studies contributed to defining the positions of Muslim scholars, As some of them took a stance against the West, and some of them took this break with the Islamic heritage and adopted the positions of the West, And some of them revisited himself after this adoption and examined his assumptions with this thought, even if this examination was late, and this is the case of Muhammad Arkoun. The intellectual works of Muhammad Arkoun were known for their adoption of the approaches and axioms of Western thought, so that he called the group of his ideas what is known as criticism of the Islamic mind Considering that his modernist discourse is the intellectual alternative to the Orientalist discourse in Islamic thought, believing that his epistemological effort is an endeavor to enlighten Islamic thought, From this standpoint, the thought of Muhammad Arkoun faced a lot of criticism in the Islamic intellectual circles, and he was accused that his writings in their entirety are marketing the Orientalist discourse with a modernist vision, In contrast to this Islamic attack on Muhammad Arkoun, the reader may be surprised by his writings, especially the latter, when he finds him showing a kind of criticism of Orientalism, accusing him of shortcomings, and defaming him for the presence of the positivist and philological-linguistic approaches strongly in his studies, If we wish, we would say that Arkoun's recent books contain a desire to transcend the Orientalist discourse. This appears in his books such as: Islamic Thought, Criticism and Ijtihad, Towards a Comparative History of Monotheistic Religions, Islamic Thought, Scientific Reading, History of Arab and Islamic Thought... and other of his writings. Which makes a legitimate question about the nature of the relationship between Arkoun - as a model of the modernist school - with Orientalism. And about the real reasons that made him stand in a controversial position, Once, the Orientalist discourse adopts its evaluative approach and vision of the Islamic heritage, Once he criticizes him, accuses his approach of sterility, and blames him for failing to find solutions to the problems in which the Islamic world is stumbling.