IBN KHALDUN AND KHALDOUNIA: A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

This study seeks to contribute to the formation of an outcome of ‎knowledge and methodology capable of reconstructing the Khaldunian ‎perception, especially in the tools it adopted in reading and writing history, ‎based on the mechanisms that control this history from the asabiyyah ‎analogy, or in re-aligning the historical method by rejecting attribution and ‎adopting natures Urbanism is a criterion for distinguishing between news ‎and facts according to what history provides, not what isnad means in its ‎jurisprudential style, which reads events in isolation from social, political ‎and economic contexts. ‎‎ What this methodology, Ibn Khaldun was able to present an original ‎alternative to reading history and raising it to the point of objectivity in ‎looking at facts and phenomena, but we think that the author of the ‎introduction neglected while presenting his vision in the science of ‎urbanism about a number of changes that had an effective effect on ‎influencing history and Directing its course, and the commercial and ‎mystical variable is one of the most prominent of these components that ‎Ibn Khaldun did not include in his intellectual and historical system, until ‎his vision equals the required efficiency in the distinctive pattern of him, his ‎thought, and its renewal‎‎‎. Keywords: Human Urbanism, Asabiyyah, The mystic variant, ‎Commercial variable

PARADIGMATIC FOUNDATIONS OF THE LINGUISTICS OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 21ST CENTURY

The paper proposes and defends the definition of the paradigm of scientific research in modern linguistics as evolutionary-informational-phenomenological science. The factors contributing to the appearance of such a term are given and substantiated. Among them is the transdisciplinary nature of modern scientific activity, centered around the need to reproduce a holistic picture of the world. As a result of this mode of modern scientific cognition, the very system of knowledge is complicated, which requires the transition of scientific ideas to the level of more abstract categories. Along with the established notions of methodology and theory, the term paradigm is more actively used. However, the case of the number and composition of modern paradigms of scientific knowledge still remains open, including in linguistics. The diversity of views on the linguistic paradigm is mainly limited to its three implementations: comparative-historical, system-structural, anthropocentric. However, it should be borne in mind that in the new civilizational and sociotechnical reality the role of linguistic science has radically and unprecedentedly changed, which has already adapted such concepts as evolutionary, informative, phenomenological. Theoretical rethinking of general scientific ideas about language, establishing close links between linguistics and global social and socio-technological processes occurring in the network-centric world, encourage the authors to qualify the modern linguistic paradigm as evolutionary-informational-phenomenological. Such approach provides an epistemological balance between empiricism and metaphysics, introduces the methodology of linguistics to the sciences close in principle to the scientific disciplines of nature

История и поэтика карачаево-балкарской загадки

Introduction. The riddle which reflects the world outlook of the people is a popular genre in the Karachay-Balkar folklore. However, the richest materials collected over decades have not been studied so far. The present study aims at examining the history and poetics of the Karachay-Balkar riddle drawing on the works of leading foreign and Russian theorists. This has involved i) the discussion of the socio-cultural factors that were conducive to the emergence of the genre, ii) the description of the five principal thematic circles, iii) the analysis of the key structural formulas of the Karachay-Balkar riddle, and iv) the description of the expressive language of the puzzle. Data and research methods. Academic collections, including pre-revolutionary sources, were used as the database for the research, which involved comparative-historical, system-structural, semiotic, textological, and analytical methods. Results. The Karachay-Balkar puzzle may be seen as a bilateral artistic subculture, with one side facing the archetypal invariant, and the other characterized by variability, granted the historical and geographical contexts, the landscape of the North Caucasus, the life, and the culture of the highlanders. The conceptualization of the world in riddles involves five main ontological conceptual spheres: anthropocentric, ethnocultural, natural, cosmogonic, mental, and ethical. The riddle images are most often associated with ethnically marked objects. The distinct character of the Karachay-Balkar riddle is due to frequent use of rhymed poetic forms, verse formulas, proper names, as well as to a wealth of their expressive devices (metaphor, comparison, alliteration, antithesis, sarcasm, and humor). Also, the riddles have a great pedagogical potentiality. Conclusions. The analysis of the Karachay-Balkar riddles resulted in identifying the distinct features in the conceptualizations of the world by the North Caucasian highlanders, as well as in drawing a picture of their values in the material and spiritual spheres.

CREATING A MODEL OF THE FUTURE OF THE EIGHTH TECHNOLOGICAL ORDER

The subject of the article is a model of the future of the eighth technological order; the object of the article is the eighth technological order; the purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of the processes of the state's entry into the eighth technological order; to achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: the geopolitical and socio-economic roles and the results of the state's transition to the eighth technological order are described; a systematic analysis of technological orders is carried out; the image of the future eighth technological order is formed; the tasks of the state's entry policy into the eighth technological order are developed; the indicators of evaluating the effectiveness of the state's entry policy into the eighth technological order are described; the scientific methods of this article are: modeling, historical, system, comparative and logical analysis; heuristic synthesis, political science, system approach, heuristic design, expert methods, efficiency theory; The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the synthesis of the image of the future, the paradigm and policy of the state's transition to the eighth technological order, the formation of a system of indicators of the effectiveness of the state's entry into the eighth technological order.

ETHNOCULTURAL FEATURES OF THE KARACHAY-BALKAR RIDDLE

Актуальность статьи обусловлена тем, что на сегодняшний день загадка яв­ляется наименее изученным жанром в карачаево-балкарской науке о фольклоре. Как и любой другой фольклорный жанр, загадка, помимо универсальной основы, имеет и этнически маркированные черты, предопределенные факторами географического и исторического порядка. Собранный за период с 1909 г. по 2011 г. усилиями зарубежных и отечественных этнографов эмпирический материал (свыше 1500 единиц) до сих пор не подвергнут комплексному научному осмыслению. Научная новизна статьи заклю­чается в том, что в ней впервые исследуются этнокультурно обусловленные особен­ности карачаево-балкарской загадки. Основная цель – с опорой на теорию Г.Д. Гачева о Космо-Психо-Логосе выявить и описать те конкретные поэтологические слагаемые, которые составляют онтологическую сущность национальной загадки. Для решения поставленной задачи в работе используются следующие методы исследования: срав­нительно-исторический, системно-структурный, семиотический, а также типоло­гизация, классификация, обобщение. Согласно полученным результатам, этнокуль­турная специфика рассмотренных загадок в первую очередь определяется императи­вом горного ландшафта, продуцирующим большое количество оронимов (гора, холм, скала) для характеристики человека и окружающих его предметов. Во вторую очередь практически все анималистические и вегетативные образы в национальных загадках отмечены знаком «эндемичности», то есть они географически привязаны к Северному Кавказу. Кроме того, значительное число загадок основано на концептуализации древ­них обычаев, традиций, обрядов, вследствие чего архаизмы и историзмы продолжают использоваться в речи. The relevance of this article is due to the fact that today the riddle is the least studied genre in the Karachay-Balkar science of folklore. Like any other folklore genre, the riddle, in addition to its universal basis, also has ethnically marked features, predetermined by factors of a geographical and historical order. The empirical material (over 1500 units) collected from 1909 to 2011 by the efforts of foreign and domestic ethnographers has not yet been subjected to comprehensive scientific comprehension. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that the author for the first time explores ethnoculturally determined features of the Karachay- Balkar riddle. The main goal is based on the theory of G.D. Gachev on the cosmo-psycho-logos to identify and describe those specific poetological terms that make up the ontological essence of the national riddle. To solve this problem, the following research methods are used in the work: comparative-historical, system-structural, semiotic, as well as typologization, classification and generalization. According to the results obtained, the ethnocultural specificity of the considered riddles is primarily determined by the imperative of the mountain landscape, which produces a large number of oronims (mountain, hill, rock) to characterize a person and the objects around him. Secondly, almost all animalistic and vegetative images in national riddles are marked with the sign of “endemicity”, that is, they are geographically tied to the North Caucasus. In addition, a significant number of riddles are based on the conceptualization of ancient customs, traditions, rituals, as a result of which archaisms and historicisms continue to be used in speech.

Making International Law Truly ‘International’?

Before non-European regions adopted international law, a different set of law of territory governed the non-European regions. Notwithstanding their differences, international courts and tribunals have approached non-European territorial disputes through a single lens of Eurocentric international law. The general claim of this article is that international courts and tribunals should approach non-European territorial disputes with special consideration to account for the region’s historical system. This article case studies the China-Vietnam dispute in the South China Sea to advance this claim. Through the case study, I argue that East Asian concepts of sovereignty do not equate with those employed by Eurocentric international law. I then suggest guidelines for considering regional systems when ruling on non-European territorial disputes. If international courts and tribunals do not change their legal approach, this not only distorts the historical realities of the non-European regions but also results in unfair dispute settlements.

History of establishment of the Musicology Department of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan

The purpose of the article is to analyze the activity of the Department of Musicology of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan from its foundation in 1922 to the beginning of the XXI century. The methodology consists of applying the historical-system method - to study the problems of musicology as an academic discipline in close connection with the socio-historical context and reproducing a holistic picture of its development, as well as biographies - to outline the figures of Polish general and special musicological school. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the coverage of the Poznan School of Musicology, which covers traditional musicological issues and develops a methodology for new interdisciplinary research in the humanities. Conclusions. The formation of musicology as a discipline at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan took place on the basis of the European music-educational tradition. The article emphasizes the importance of this process of organizational experience and methodological position of German musicology and departments of musicology of Lviv and Jagiellonian universities.

Engineering for Chaos

The global COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the way we live, learn, and teach - impacting both "how we learn" and "what we learn." Software system resilience has emerged as a critical concept, a departure from historical system objectives obsessed with high performance. In practice, there are many situations when development focused on efficiency, creates a system that is not very resilient. Fortunately, some technology companies have prioritized stability and availability over efficiency in order to deliver to customers a more consistent experience. Governments also value resilience to reliably serve their communities in the face of crises like cyber hacking and COVID-19. System resilience is a topic often neglected in computer science curricula. This paper reports on a recent virtual ACM SPLASH-E Education Symposium panel session held in November 2020 that discussed resilience, efficiency, and the impact of COVID-19 on computer science education. The panel featured Steven Fraser (panel impresario) and panelists Rebecca Mercuri, Landon Noll, Ales Plsek, and Moshe Vardi.

The study of the concept of medical literacy and approaches to its assessment

According to the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, almost 70% of the population self-medicates without seeking medical help. Therefore, the correct perception of medical and pharmaceutical information determines the correct use of drugs, their effectiveness and safety for the population. Aim. To analyze global approaches to determining medical literacy and assessing its level in the world. Materials and methods. The research materials were publications in scientific periodicals, monographs, materials of official websites of world organizations and databases, such as JMIR, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Academic Search Premier and Allied Health Literature. During the study the methods of the content analysis, historical, system-analytical, generalization were used. Results. The authors have reviewed the literature on the concept of “medical literacy” and approaches to its assessment. The chronological periods of formation of the concept of “medical literacy” have been generalized. The following tests have been identified as key tools for assessing medical literacy in most studies: TOFHLA, REALM, NVS, and HLS-EU-Q47. Based on the results of the content analysis of the existing approaches in assessing the level of medical literacy of the population, the main indicators proposed for evaluation have been generalized, and the advantages and disadvantages of these tests have been considered. Conclusions. The analysis conducted has shown that a promising study is the development of universal and optimal tools for assessing the level of medical literacy, as well as the definition of the concept of “pharmaceutical literacy” with its components, the development of methods for assessing pharmaceutical literacy, the implementation and evaluation of practices to improve medical and pharmaceutical literacy. Key words: the concept of “medical literacy” and “pharmaceutical literacy”, approaches of health literacy assessment.

How Does a Historical System of Meaning Weigh on the Present? Social Representations of Confucianism and Their Role in Young Chinese Lives in the People’s Republic of China

The present study focuses on a new type of social representation: the historical system of meaning embodied by the philosophy and lifeways of Confucianism. Eighteen young and educated Chinese were interviewed face-to-face. Thematic analyses of their transcripts showed that Confucianism representations contained two subthemes, figures (Confucius and Mencius) and thoughts (e.g., propriety and benevolence, etc.). These representations were transmitted by formal education from school and informal education from family, and the influence of Confucianism was often implicit, as evidenced by two subthemes: self-cultivation and social norms. The analyses also showed that almost everything mentioned about Confucianism was more than 2,000 years old and more recent developments were ignored. These results provide insight into how a historically central system of meaning is represented today, when it has lost its institutional bases. It is argued that the social representation of Confucianism is fragmented rather than hegemonic and lacks the systematic coherence that characterises a historical charter. Contributions to social representations theory and implications for how Confucianism could function in the modern world are discussed.