Sex differences in the risk of cataract associated with type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a recognized risk factor for developing cataract. However, it is unclear if the shared genetic variance and potential genetic causal relationship between T2D and cataract are different for males and females. We evaluated sex-specific genetic correlation (rg) and putative genetic causality between the two diseases by using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and six Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches after lever-aging large-scale population-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary of T2D and cataract. Application of LDSC found a significant genetic correlation between T2D and cataract in East Asian males (rg=0.68, 95% confident interval [CI]=0.17 to 1, p-value=8.60e-3) but a non-significant genetic correlation in East Asian females (rg=0.25, CI= -0.02 to 0.52, p-value=8.38e-2). MR analyses indicated a consistently stronger (paired t-test |t|=5.87, p-value=2.04e-3) causal effect of T2D on cataract in East Asian males (liability OR=1.20 to 1.41, p-value=5.86e-27 to 6.60e-6) than in females (liability OR=1.12 to 1.21, p-value=2.02e-14 to 1.82e-2). In Europeans, the LDSC analysis suggested a close significant genetic correlation between the two diseases in males (rg=0.20, 95% confident interval [CI]=0.08 to 0.32, p-value=7.00e-4) and females (rg=0.17, CI= 0.05 to 0.29, p-value=4.90e-3); but the MR analyses provided weak evidences on a causal relationship between the two diseases in both sexes. These results presented the first evidence on sex difference of the casual relationship between cataract and T2D in East Asians, and supported a potential genetic heterogeneity of the shared genetics underlying T2D and cataract between East Asians and Europeans in both sexes.

PENDUGAAN PARAMETER GENETIK DAN KORELASI ANTAR SIFAT-SIFAT MORFOLOGI KELAPA (Cocos nucifera, Linn)

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui parameter genetik dan korelasi antar sifat-sifat morfologi kelapa. Bahan lanaman yang digunakan adalah 19 populasi kelapa lokal hasil koleksi dan beberapa pulau di Indonesia, ditanam di Kebun Percobaan Pakuwon, Jawa Barat pada tahun 1978 dan 1982. Tinggi tempat 450 m di atas permukaan laut dengan tipe iklim Bl menurut Oldeman. Jumlah tanaman 100 pohon, dengan jarak tanam 9 m x 9 m scgi empat untuk kelapa Dalam dan 60 pohon kelapa Genjah dengan jarak tanam 7 m x 7 m scgi empat sciiap populasi. Pengamatan dilaksanakan dalam dua lahap Mei-Agusius 1996 pada 14 populasi dan Juni-Agustus 2000 pada 5 populasi saat tanaman kelapa berumur 18 tahun. Tanaman yang diamati 4 pohon diulang 3 kali setiap populasi sehingga total tanaman yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 19x4x3 « 228 pohon. Sifat yang diamati meliputi sifat-sifat morfologi batang, daun dan rangkaian bunga Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabilitas genetik sifal-sifal morfologi kelapa umumnya sempil. Beberapa sifat seperti: diameter batang 1,5 m dai permukaan lanah, panjang batang 11 bckas daun, langkai bunga tanpa bunga betina, dan jumlah bunga betina menunjukkan variabilitas genetik yang luas Pada umumnya hcritabilitas dalam am luas dan kemajuan genetik dalam persen untuk semua sifat tinggi, kecuali hentabilitas sifat tangkai bunga membawa bunga betina bemilai sedang. Terdapat korelasi genetik positif yang nyata pada sifat-sifat morfologi batang dengan daun dan rangkaian bunga, kecuali dengan jumlah bunga betina/tandan dan jumlah tandan/ph/lh. Dari 15 sifat yang diamati, hanya 6 sifat yang mempunyai korelasi genetik nyata dengan sifat jumlah bunga betina/tandan yaitu: diameter batang 1.5 m dari permukaan lanah (rg = -0.5215*), panjang batang 11 bckas daun (rg • -0.5369*), lebar anak daun (rg ■ -0.5961**), tebal tangkai landan (rg = 0.5802**), panjang rangkaian bunga (rg ■ -0,6143**), dan panjang tangkai bunga (rg = -0.4907*), sehingga sifat-sifat tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai kiteia seleksi untuk memperoleh jumlah bunga betina banyak per mayang pada lanaman kelapa.</p><p>Kata kunci: Kelapa, parameter genetik, korelasi, sifat morfologi</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSRACT </strong></p><p><strong>Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Correlation Between Morphological Traits in Coconut (Cocos nucifera, Linn)</strong></p><p>The objective of this experiment was to determine genetic parameters and correlation between morphological trails on the coconut population. A total of 19 local coconut populations were collected from some islands in Indonesia, planted at Pakuwon Experimental Garden, West Java in 1978 and 1982. The altitude is 450 meters above sea level with climate type Bl Oldeman. The total number of sample is 100 palms for each tall coconut with planting distance 9 x 9 m and 60 palms for each dwarf coconut with planting distance 7 x 7m. The observation was done in two steps i.e.: May - August 1996 on 14 populations and June - August 2000 on 5 populations when the coconut population was 18 years old. A number of 4 palms with 3 replications were observed of each population to measure morphological traits of he stem, leaf and inflorescence. Therefore, the total palms used in the experiment were 19 x 4 x 3 = 228. The results revealed that the genetic vaiability of coconut morphological trait were generally narrow. A few traits i.e.: stem diameter 1 5 m from ground level, stem length of 11 leaf scars, spadix without female flower, and number of female flowers/bunch showed a wide degree of variability. In general, the heritabilily estimates in broad sense and genetic gained in percent for all trails were high, except the henlability of spadix with female flower Irait was lowly. A positive significant genetic correlation were found to the morphology traits of stem with leaf and inllorcsccncc except Uic number of female flower/bunch and number of bunch/palm/ycar. From fifteen traits, only six traits had significant genetic correlation with the number of female flower Ihcy were diameter stem 1 5 m from ground level (rg 0.5215*), stem length of 11 leaf scars (rg - -0.5369'), leaflet width (rg - -0.5961**), peduncle thickness (rg 0.5802**), length of inflorescence (rg -0.6143**), and length of spadix (rg -0.4907*), and these traits could be used as selection criteria for selecting high female flower bunch on the coconut.</p><p>Keywords ;Cocos nucifera. genetic parameters, correlation, mor- phological trails</p>

Appraisal's genotypes on water absorption, transpiration loss at senescence stage and genetic correlation of Chrysanthemum morifolium

A field experiment entitled “Appraisal's genotypes on water absorption, transpiration loss at senescence stage and genetic correlation of Chrysanthemum morifolium” was conducted at experimental orchard, department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) during the 2016-17 in winter season to identify the suitable variety for successful cultivation as well as vase life of Chrysanthemum flower. Fifteen Genotypes namely, Aparajita, Anastasia, Braca Splendid, Charlia, Celtic, Cologne, Fortune, HF-164, Paladov Sunny, Paiwer-W, Paladov Dark, Papaya, Tocovar- 6, Vanilla Sorbet and White Double were selected for the evaluation. The significant responses in water absorption, transpiration loss at senescence stage and flower vase life were observed in White Double, Cologne, Charlia and Celtic. The maximum water absorption and transpiration loss were recorded in genotype White Double (116.83g and 72.20 ml. respectively) whereas maximum fresh weight was recorded with the genotype Cologne (120.00 g) while genotype White Double had longest vase life (20.66 days). The maximum per cent of opened flowers were noticed in the genotype Charlia (92.45 %) while maximum unopened flowers were noticed in genotype Celtic (21.86%) and the significant genetic correlation between different parameters and vase life of flowers were noted during experimentation.

Insulin resistance: an atherothrombotic syndrome

SummaryThe insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) is a clustering of atherothrombotic traits associated with increased vascular risk. We investigated the degree to which the phenotypic correlations between these traits are due to shared genetic and environmental factors.A multivariate genetic analysis was performed in 537 adults from 89 healthy white north European families. All traits showed significant heritability. BMI had significant genetic correlations with fasting insulin, systolic blood pressure (sBP), plasminogen activator activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen and triglyceride. Fasting insulin had a significant genetic correlation with fibrinogen and triglyceride and Factor VII (FVII). Significant genetic correlations were shown between triglyceride and PAI-1, fibrinogen and FVII. PAI-1 and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) showed significant genetic correlation with sBP and with each other. Pleiotropy was demonstrated between fibrino-gen and PAI-1, t-PA and FVII. Significant environmental correlations were also demonstrated.This study demonstrates pleiotropy between coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. Shared genetic and environmental factors influencing haemostatic, metabolic and anthropometric traits underlie the atherothrombotic nature of the IRS.

Laboratory estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations in nature.

A lower bound on heritability in a natural environment can be determined from the regression of offspring raised in the laboratory on parents raised in nature. An estimate of additive genetic variance in the laboratory is also required. The estimated lower bounds on heritabilities can sometimes be used to demonstrate a significant genetic correlation between two traits in nature, if their genetic and phenotypic correlations in nature have the same sign, and if sample sizes are large, and heritabilities and phenotypic and genetic correlations are high.