Time-Independent Plasticity Formulated by Inelastic Differential of Free Energy Function

The authors presented a time-independent plasticity approach, where a typical plastic-loading process is viewed as an infinitesimal state change of two neighboring equilibrium states, and the yield and consistency conditions are formulated based on the conjugate forces of the internal variables. In this paper, a stability condition is proposed, and the yield, consistency, and stability conditions are reformatted by the inelastic differential form of the Gibbs free energy. The Gibbs equation in thermodynamics with internal variables is a representation to the differential form of the Gibbs free energy by a single Gibbs free energy function. In this paper, we propose the so-called extended Gibbs equation, where the differential form may be represented by multiple potential functions. Various associated and nonassociated plasticity with a single or multiple yield functions can be derived from various representations based on the reformulated approach, where yield and plastic potential functions are in the form of inelastic differentials of the potential functions. The generalized Drucker inequality can only be derived from the one-potential representation as a stability condition. For a multiple-potential representation, the stability condition can be ensured if the multiple potentials are concave functions and possess the same stationary point.

Posthumanism in Hernan Diaz’s In the Distance

This study is an attempt to shed new light on the potential representation of posthumanism, the posthuman condition in particular, in Hernan Diaz’s tour de force novel entitled “In the Distance.” The main focus of the study is highlighting the inextricable bond between humans and their surroundings in the most anthropocentric trend of posthumanism, and addressing our exploitative way of living and the outcomes of our ill-treatment toward the natural environment, as represented in one of the contemporary fictions, “In the Distance.” We are told that nature is an eternal Eden which was predestined for serving humankind, and will be balanced once it has fulfilled its duty. The novel, however, as evidenced by current environmental issues, makes an effort to warn us about the end of nature and in turn the failure of humanity. In the same context, this study seeks to demonstrate the “In the Distance” novel as one of the main works arguing for post-humanistic principles during and after the colonialization of America, accompanied by modern civilization and technological advancement in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Open Principles in New Business Models for Information Systems

Open source software and open innovation are an important resource for today’s industries. Communities collaboratively create different kind of publicly available value, boosting innovation and also technology. However, whereas this value is generated and captured by various involved parties, the outcomes are, in many cases, commercialized by companies who build their business models on this openness. Thus, current business model representations used for these open systems mainly focus on the commercial side of companies, not directly regarding the value creation and distribution by the underlying communities. This results in a lack of potential representation of alternative value created by individuals and communities that are not necessarily aiming for direct monetary compensation. In this work, we show, by the example of open source projects, how communities create value and their potential to be represented by the upcoming domain of new business models. The emerging idea of new business models, based on sharing, collaboration, and the circular economy, not only considers economical viewpoints, but also social and ecological. New trends in research are intensively starting to investigate these models and how they can be brought to practice. The co-creation of value, collaboration of various actors, and following a shared vision are just some of the identified overlaps that are also essential for a potential representation of open communities. This first review unveils that new business models and open source software projects have a variety of aspects in common. We highlight the potential of open communities to be seen as new business models themselves, instead of just being a pure enabler for firms’ business models. This approach is leaving room to explore new organizational and economical aspects of open ecosystems, enhancing the understanding of co-creative communities and the definition of collaborative value.

“LEAGUE OF HISTORICAL CITIES” AS A TOURIST POTENTIAL REPRESENTATION FORMAT OF THE WORLD’S CITIES

The article considers the category of the «historical city», the formation features of this concept in time, the main problems and contradictions associated with the corresponding status for cities. The author substantiates the importance of participation of historical cities in various international organizations performing representative functions for them. This makes it possible to inform large number of potential tourists about the historical and cultural potential of historic cities. The article describes the international non-governmental organization League of Historical Cities (LIG), its goals, tasks, and the geography of member cities, and proposes their classification according to the spatial and-time principle. Increasing tourist fame (representativeness) in the world and the opportunities provided by LIG for information promotion is the reason for cities from different countries to desire for membership in this organization. Many historical cities of Russia, especially small and medium-sized, retain in their environment authentic stories and legends, architectural monuments, often have unique features of landscape and urban planning. Each settlement also has its own specific dates related to the outstanding events of city life. And the involvement of at least some of them in the activities of international historical and cultural organizations, for example, the League and its analogies, can be considered as world recognition. This should be regarded as one of the marketing strategy mechanisms of the city’spromotion, and its active positioning in the world market of tourist offers.