Validación del instrumento: conocimientos, creencias y aceptación de la vacuna del virus del papiloma humano

Introduction: The human papilloma virus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer. Having an instrument that measures the acceptance of the HPV vaccine, as well as the factors involved in the acceptance process, is an urgent need for HPV prevention. The objective was to validate the knowledge, beliefs, and acceptance of the human papillomavirus vaccine instrument.Materials and Methods: The validation process was carried out through a descriptive, cross-sectional study and a two-phase process. The population consisted of 393 mothers of girls between the ages of 9 and 11 years, belonging to the State of Puebla, with a non-probabilistic sampling for convenience; the sample was considered at a ratio of 10: 1.Results: A valid and reliable instrument was obtained with a Cronbach's Alpha of .70, a value of p <.000 for Bartlett’s sphericity test, and .82 for the KMO test. In this sense, the factor analysis resulted in a total of 40 items divided into six dimensions.Discussion: The methodological process allowed to have an empirical indicator adapted and validated for the Mexican context, since it is the only one within the context that measures the factors related to the acceptance of the HPV vaccine.Conclusion: We conclude that having an empirical indicator adapted to the Spanish language, which measures acceptance and related factors, is a contribution of great importance to society and an advance in nursing science. Introducción: El virus del papiloma humano es la primera causa de cáncer cervicouterino, contar con un instrumento que mida la aceptación de la vacuna del VPH, así como los factores que intervienen, es una necesidad para la prevención del VPH. El objetivo fue realizar la validación del instrumento conocimientos, creencias y aceptación de la vacuna del virus del papiloma humano.Materiales y Métodos: El proceso de validación se realizó a traves de un estudio descriptivo, transversal y de proceso de dos fases. La población fue de 393 madres de niñas de 9 a 11 años, pertenecientes al Estado de Puebla, con un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, la muestra se consideró por razón de 10:1.Resultados: Se obtuvo un instrumento válido y confiable con un coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach de .70, un valor de p<.000 para la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett y la prueba de Kaiser-Meyer Olkin obtuvo un resultado de .82, en este sentido el análisis factorial dio como resultado un total de 40 ítems divididos en seis dimensiones.Discusión: El proceso metodológico permitió contar con un indicador empírico adaptado y valido al contexto mexicano, debido a que es el único dentro del contexto que mide los factores relacionados con la aceptación de la vacuna del virus del papiloma humano.Conclusión: Se concluye que tener un indicador empírico adaptado al idioma español, que mida la aceptación y los factores relacionados, es un aporte de gran importancia para la sociedad y un avance para la ciencia en enfermería.

Caregivers’ Willingness to Vaccinate Their Children against Childhood Diseases and Human Papillomavirus: A Cross-Sectional Study on Vaccine Hesitancy in Malawi

Background: Vaccines are among the most effective and cost-efficient public health interventions for promoting child health. However, uptake is considerably affected by vaccine hesitancy. An example is Malawi, with a decline in second vaccine doses and the highest cervical cancer incidence and mortality rate in Sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding vaccine hesitancy is especially important when new vaccines are introduced. This study explores factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy for routine childhood immunization and the human papillomavirus vaccine in Malawi. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional survey design targeting caregivers of children under five years old and adolescent girls. The sample population was derived using three inclusion criteria: one district with low vaccine uptake (Dowa), one district with high vaccine uptake (Salima), and one district where human papillomavirus vaccine was piloted earlier (Zomba). A convenience sample of one primary and one secondary health facility was selected within each district, and participants were systematically included (n = 600). The measures were based on 5C scale for measuring vaccine hesitancy. Multiple regression analyses were performed to explore vaccination intention predictors. Results: Confidence in vaccine safety was the strongest predictor of routine childhood immunization, followed by constraints due to everyday stress. Caregivers had lower confidence in vaccine safety and efficacy when they believed rumors and misinformation and were unemployed. Confidence was higher for those who had more trust in healthcare workers. Age, gender, religion, education, employment, belief in rumors, and trust in healthcare workers were considered predictors of vaccination intention. A husband’s positive attitude (approval) increased childhood vaccination intention. For human papillomavirus, vaccination intentions were higher for those with lower education, more trust in healthcare workers, lower complacency, and a lower tendency toward calculating the benefits and risks of vaccination. Knowledge of human papillomavirus did not increase vaccination intention, but the need to attain a husband’s approval did. Being a young adult and unemployed increased belief in rumors, while trust in healthcare workers reduced the belief. Conclusions: This study provides good insights into the drivers of vaccine hesitancy across different contexts in Malawi. However, further studies are necessary to understand low risk perception among elderly people and the declining trend in second vaccine doses.

Assessment of knowledge about human papillomavirus vaccination among primary school girls in Arba Minch town, South Ethiopia, 2020. An institution-based cross-sectional study

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among females in Ethiopia. The knowledge regarding human papillomavirus vaccination and its acceptability among adolescent girls affects the human papillomavirus vaccine uptake, however, the status of knowledge of the human papillomavirus vaccination among adolescent girls in Ethiopia, particularly in this study area is not well known. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the knowledge of human papillomavirus vaccination and associated factors among primary school girls in Arba Minch town, South Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study in which 516 school girls participated was conducted on January 24, 2020. The study participants were selected by a simple random sampling technique. A pre-tested and self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was entered to Epi_data version 4.6 and exported to SPSS Version 23 for analysis. The logistic regression model was used to identify the statistically significant variables for knowledge of the human papillomavirus vaccination. Results: The overall knowledge level of the study participants in this study was 71.7%. Their main information source was social media 41.74% followed by health care workers 29.69%. Conclusions: Nearly three-fourths of the study participants were knowledgeable about human papillomavirus vaccination. The knowledge about the human papillomavirus vaccination shows a positive association with age, education level, access to information sources, and parents' educational status. Keywords: Arbaminch town; cervical cancer; Ethiopia; human papillomavirus vaccine; girls; knowledge; schools