Gravity revealed as electromagnetic force

The earth is fundamentally protons, electrons, and neutrons. The force of gravity on earth could simply be a phenomenon of those elements. Lacking is any analysis demonstrating how electric charge forces of protons and electrons, both repulsive and attractive, can give rise to a gravitational force so much weaker and only attractive. Here application of Coulomb's law of electric charges shows the force of gravity derives from the basic proton-electron charge force. Separation of electrons from protons within any atom results in infinitesimal force imbalances, either repulsive or attractive, with every external proton-electron pair. When such force imbalances are accumulated using a Monte Carlo probability simulation for all charge pair in a large mass like the earth, repulsive forces are shown to never entirely cancel attractive forces and a weak net attractive force always remains. Coulomb's law yields the same force between earth and an object at its surface as Newton's law of gravity, confirming that gravity is an electromagnetic force and not a unique force of its own. This research is a mathematical analysis, an application of basic scientific principles much like the computer modeling of a complex engineered system. It has been done with no need for new theories, new speculation, abstract reasoning, nor abstract mathematics.

A simple way of unifying the formulas for the Coulomb’s law and Newton’s law of the universal gravitation: An approach based on membranes

In this work, a new approach is presented with the aim of showing a simple way of unifying the classical formulas for the forces of the Coulomb’s law of electrostatic interaction <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and the Newton’s law of universal gravitation <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In this approach, these two forces are of the same nature and are ascribed to the interaction between two membranes that oscillate according to different curvature functions with spatial period <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:mfrac> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:math> is a dimensionless parameter and <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:math> is a wave number. Both curvature functions are solutions of the classical wave equation with wavelength given by the de Broglie relation. This new formula still keeps itself as the inverse square law, and it is like <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> when the dimensionless parameter <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>274</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and like <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> when <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.14198</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>45</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . It was found that the values of the parameter <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:math> quantize the formula from which <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> are obtained as particular cases.

Direct Derivation of Liénard–Wiechert Potentials, Maxwell’s Equations and Lorentz Force from Coulomb’s Law

In this paper, the solution to long standing problem of deriving Maxwell’s equations and Lorentz force from first principles, i.e., from Coulomb’s law, is presented. This problem was studied by many authors throughout history but it was never satisfactorily solved, and it was never solved for charges in arbitrary motion. In this paper, relativistically correct Liénard–Wiechert potentials for charges in arbitrary motion and Maxwell equations are both derived directly from Coulomb’s law by careful mathematical analysis of the moment just before the charge in motion stops. In the second part of this paper, the electrodynamic energy conservation principle is derived directly from Coulomb’s law by using similar approach. From this energy conservation principle the Lorentz force is derived. To make these derivations possible, the generalized Helmholtz theorem was derived along with two novel vector identities. The special relativity was not used in our derivations, and the results show that electromagnetism as a whole is not the consequence of special relativity, but it is rather the consequence of time retardation.

Derivation of Coulomb's Law Based on a Mechanical Model of Electromagnetic Field and a Spherical Source and Sink Model of Electric Charges

We suppose that vacuum is filled with a kind of continuously distributed matter which may be called the $\Omega(1)$ substratum, or the electromagnetic aether. Suppose that the time scale of a macroscopic observer is very large compares to the the Maxwelllian relaxation time of the $\Omega(1)$ substratum. Thus, the macroscopic observer concludes that the $\Omega(1)$ substratum behaves like a Newtonian-fluid. Inspired by H. A. Lorentz, we speculate that electric charges may be extremely small hard spherical sources or spherical sinks with finite radii. Based on the spherical source and spherical sink model of electric charges, we derive Coulomb's law of interactions between static electric charges in vacuum. Further, we derive a reduced form of the Lorentz's force law for static electric charges in vacuum.

A piezoelectric contact problem with slip dependent friction and damage

The aim of this paper is to study a quasistatic contact problem between an electro-elastic viscoplastic body with damage and an electrically conductive foundation. The contact is modelled with an electrical condition, normal compliance and the associated version of Coulomb’s law of dry friction in which slip dependent friction is included. We derive a variational formulation for the model and, under a smallness assumption, we prove the existence and uniqueness of a weak solution.