DEFERRED INCOME TAX: IMPACT ON FINANCIAL AND TAX REPORTING (THE PRACTIСE OF UKRAINE AND GERMANY)

Income taxation is typical for most countries with their own peculiarities. In the practice of the Ukrainian enterprises, there is a lack of relationship between accounting and tax accounting to reflect the deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability in the reporting. The purpose of the article is to analyze the income tax in terms of its calculation by the international standards and identify key tax differences. The authors proposed to formulate the definitions of the current income tax which should be understood as the amount of income taxes payable (reimbursed) on taxable profit (tax loss) for the period and expenses (income) from income tax which should be understood as the total amount included in the determination of profit or loss for the period in accordance with current and deferred taxes. This interpretation of the definitions will help better understand the concepts in accounting and taxation. The tax base of assets and the tax base of liabilities are given and substantiated. The temporary differences were identified by authors. The example of definition of Deferred tax liabilities and Deferred tax assets, the order of their reflection in the report on financial results (about the total income) and disclosure in the Notes to the financial reporting is considered and analyzed. The impact on the indicators of the Income Tax Return is investigated. There is no direct impact of the amount of the Deferred tax assets / Deferred tax liabilities according to the current algorithm for the object of taxation, which is determined by tax legislation. The conclusions are made about the importance of determining of Deferred tax liabilities and Deferred tax assets, which directly affects the amount of net profit. The result of the study was confirmation of the hypothesis concerning different orientation of norms of the legal documents on the display of information in the forms of the financial and tax reporting. Such differences are related to the different requirement to the reporting by the modern stakeholders. Keywords: income tax, deferred tax, tax asset, tax liability, reporting. JEL Classification M40, М41, М48 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.: 5; bibl.: 16.

COVID-19 and deferred tax reversals

Purpose This paper aims to examine the financial statement impact resulting from the tax depreciation on buildings that was reinstated on 25 March 2020 as part of the New Zealand Government’s coronavirus (COVID-19) tax support package. The COVID-19 pandemic and the tax relief created an accounting response to map the environment to accounting reports, reversing previously recognized deferred tax liabilities and increasing reported income as a result. Design/methodology/approach This is an exploratory and descriptive study to understand the accounting response and impact on companies’ financial statements following a COVID-19 tax relief to support businesses in a dire financial situation as the effects of COVID-19 took hold. Findings First, the accounting response provided the appropriate mapping from the COVID-19 environment to accounting reports. Second, the financial statement impacts are material, especially for companies with extensive holdings of buildings that are held for use. Third, while the accounting relief was immediate, the economic (cash flow) support does not occur until a year later. Research limitations/implications The financial statement impacts are based on a subset of NZX 50 companies with the available information at the time of writing. However, they do not compromise the external validity of the findings because the tax depreciation relief applies to other listed companies, unlisted public and private companies, trust, partnerships and individuals. Practical implications The New Zealand Government could have been more helpful to businesses by allowing an immediate depreciation deduction in the 2020 year as opposed to implementing it from 2021. Further, it could have legislated a backlog depreciation deduction from 2010 – when the depreciation on buildings was disallowed – to 2020. Originality/value This paper documents the evolution of the accounting for deferred taxes when the New Zealand Government withdrew the tax depreciation in 2010, how NZ IAS 12 evolved as a result of that event and now the reversal effect with the reinstatement of the tax depreciation during COVID-19. The paper also blends in the accounting responses and considers whether they are opportunistic or efficient.

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TAX ADMINISTRATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

The crisis and special measures caused by the Covid-19 virus pandemic have greatly disrupted the business and survival of small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as larger industries. The state and its institutions were forced to take certain measures to facilitate the survival and continuation of business, and to save jobs for entrepreneurs and their employees. The Tax Administration is a state institution whose measures directly affect every business. So it was among the first to take some measures, i.e. to adjust its business and tax collection to the new situation. This paper discusses the first measures introduced, those from March and April 2020. It discusses the deferral or installment payment of due and deferred tax liabilities. The measure of deferral, installment payment of tax liability, is certainly the most important and most popular measure among taxpayers. It is explained how tax measures during a pandemic should look according to the recommendations of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). We explain other measures that have been introduced to facilitate business. These are the extension of the deadline for filing income tax, the exemption from VAT, the enforcement procedure and the payment of the annual tax rate. Despite the measures taken so far, it is important to emphasize that the Covid-19 pandemic is still ongoing, and that according to some experts, a real crisis with visible consequences of the pandemic is still to be expected. Accordingly, it is to be expected that the current measures are very likely to be further changed, upgraded and adjusted as the situation changes. We consider it important to note that the framework of this paper does not allow a detailed analysis and that we are forced to limit ourselves exclusively to some aspects of the issue at hand.

DETERMINAN MANEJEMEN LABA: PERAN LIABILITAS PAJAK TANGGUHAN DAN LEVERAGE

This study aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the effect of deferred tax liabilitie and corporate leverage on earnings management. The object of research is companies included in the LQ45 index listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2014-2018. Hypothesis testing uses panel data regression with the help of the EVIEWS program. The test results show that the deferred tax liabilities have no significant effect on earnings management, while leverage is proven to significantly affect earnings management. The practical implications and suggestions outlined in the article.

Financial reporting on income tax in Serbia and Croatia: An empirical analysis

The paper examines the quality of financial reporting on income tax in Serbia and Croatia in order to determine the extent to which disclosed information on income tax in these countries is useful for economic decision making. The research based on financial statements of listed and non-listed companies for 2016 reveals that disclosed information on the income tax is not entirely in accordance with the relevant regulation. Therefore, there is a significant room for improvement of income tax financial reporting practices in both countries. The quality of disclosed income tax information is not related to the presence of companies in the stock market, as capital markets in Serbia and Croatia do not provide strong incentives for disclosing adequate information on income tax. The research also reveals significant differences in the prevailing sources of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities between Serbia and Croatia, which indicates that the income tax financial reporting is conditioned by the specifics of the national environment.

Adopción de NIIF en la Industria Cuencana y selección de políticas contables

Se describe la aplicación de NIIF completas en el sector industrial profundizando en el análisis de ajustes por adopción, así como profundizando en la selección de en políticas el análisis contables. de ajustes Se por utilizó adopción, un enfoque así como mixto (cualitativo y cuantitativo) dentro de una investigación de tipo descriptiva, aplicando entrevistas, encuestas y análisis financiero para la recolección de información. Se presenta información sobre los principales ajustes por adopción de NIIF Completas en el Sector Industrial, en sus diferentes ramas y empresas de mayor impacto; y, las políticas de mayor aplicación en la adopción de NIIF en el Sector Industrial. En el análisis se empleó información financiera de 37 empresas industriales que han presentado sus Estados Financieros bajo NIIF Completas desde el 2008 al 2015, conforme base de datos pública de la Superintendencia de Compañías, encontrándose ajustes relevantes en: terrenos, edificios, depreciación acumulada de propiedad, planta y equipo, maquinaria, pasivos por impuesto diferidos e instalaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer cuentas contables ajustadas durante la adopción de NIIF, empresas con mayor impacto, así como políticas contables relevantes en la presentación de estados financieros y en la medición de recursos. Los resultados de este análisis permitirán mejorar el conocimiento sobre la evolución de la información contable, sirviendo, también, como base de consulta sobre elementos importantes en la medición, control y presentación de información financiera en las ramas industriales.Palabras clave: Ajustes por adopción de NIIF en el sector industrial, NIIF, Políticas Contables de mayor aplicación, Ventajas y desventajas en la adopción de NIIF. AbstractThe application of full IFRS in the industrial sector described deepening the analysis of adjustments for adoption, as well as in the selection of accounting policies. Let us be a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) within a descriptive research, applying interviews, surveys and financial analysis for the collection of information. Information on main adjustments for adoption of Full IFRS in the Industrial Sector, in its different branches and companies with the greatest impact; and, policies of greater application in the adoption of IFRS in the Industrial Sector. The analysis used financial information from 37 industrial companies that have presented their Financial Statements under Full IFRS from 2008 to 2015, according to public database of the Superintendence of Companies, with relevant adjustments being found in Land, Buildings, Accumulated Depreciation of Property, Plant and Equipment, Machinery, Deferred tax liabilities and Facilities. The objective of this work is to establish adjusted accounting accounts during the adoption of IFRS, companies with the greatest impact, as well as relevant accounting policies in the presentation of financial statements and in the measurement of resources. The results of this analysis improve knowledge about the evolution of accounting information; also serving as basis for consultation on important elements in the measurement, control and presentation of financial information in the industrial branches.Keywords: Adjustments for adoption of IFRS in the industrial sector, IFRS, Accounting Policies of greater application, Advantages and Disadvantages in the adoption of IFRS.

THE EFFECT OF TAX PLANNING AND DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES ON EARNS MANAGEMENT

This researched are intended to analyze the effect of planning tax and deferred tax liabilities on earn management. Manufacturing companies listing on the IDX from 2013 to 2017 are the object of research. This research uses secondary data on annual reports obtained through the sites www.idx.co.id. Purposive sampling is the method used in sampling, with population of 132 entity and the sample in this research are 10 entities the observation period of 5 years, with the result that obtained 50 samples. The method data analysis of this research used multiple regression analysis with the SPSS version 24.The results shows that the tax planning has a negative effect on earn management, neither the deferred tax liabilities does not have effect on earn management. Simultaneously the tax planning and deferred tax liabilities have a positive effect on earn management.

Pengaruh Penerapan PSAK No. 46 Terhadap Laporan Laba Rugi Pada Tiga Perusahaan Yang Terdaftar di BEI

The company follows a accounting standards generally accepted in drawing up the financial statements, namely Financial accounting standards (SAK). For various reasons, that standard is different from the taxation provisions also utilize accounting information. Due to the difference of a few things in Financial accounting standards (SAK) with the provisions of the Regulation militate in% u2013 Invitation taxation. Bond Accountant Indonesia (IAI) has confirmed the Statements of financial accounting standards (PSAK) No. 46 concerning accounting for income taxes, is a new thing in the accounting standards for enterprises in Indonesia. PSAK No. 46.The purpose of this research is to know concerning PSAK NO. 46 and see if PSAK NO. 46 already applied on the PT Astra International Tbk, PT Mustika Ratu Tbk, PT Mayora Indah Tbk. And how its influence from the application of PSAK NO.46 of the income statement of the company. The study was conducted at the corner of Indonesia stock exchange at STIE Kesatuan Bogor. The results showed that in the application of PSAK NO. 46 will develop assets and deferred tax liabilities interest arising due to temporary differences. The influence of the application of PSAK NO. 46 on the income statements give rise to a difference between the burden of income tax with income tax debt resulting from the existence of differences in recognition of tax-deferred interest assets, which is set to PSAK NO. 46.

Pengaruh Manajemen Laba dan Ukuran Perusahaan pada Beban Pajak Tangguhan

Indonesian is one of the countries that rely on tax revenue as the main source of state income. The income tax-oriented accounting method of accounting recognizes deferred tax liabilities and assets against future fiscal consequences caused by temporary differences and residual losses that have not been compensated. The temporary differences that lead to an increase in future tax amount will be recognized as deferred tax liabilities, therefore the company must recognize a deferred tax burden. The purpose of this study is to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of earnings management and firm size on deferred tax expense. The sample in this study is a company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2012-2016 amounting to 10 companies using purposive sampling method. Deferred tax expense can be measured by the total deferred tax expense per year divided by the total assets of the company per year. The results showed that earnings management had a negative effect on deferred tax expense, and firm size had a positive effect on deferred tax expense