Redefining Smart Cities, Urban Energy, and Green Technologies for Sustainable Development

Increasing greenhouse effects and global warming have been threatening the environment. Cities have directed their development strategies towards smart policies aiming to improve the quality of life of their inhabitants through sustainable environment and energy resources. Therefore, it became a very critical strategy to redefine urban energy sources and apply green technologies in all means of city lives for sustainable cities and reaching Sustainable Development Goals. In this chapter, background information for the role of cities in climate change and environmental pollution globally will be explained. Then a theoretical framework for smart cities and their important features focusing on technology innovation, smart governance, energy efficiency, waste management, as well as green buildings, smart grid-smart lighting, and smart mobility will be analyzed. Finally, sustainable development policy suggestions for sustainable plans and programs at the urban level within the current legislative framework will be put forth.

A REAL-TIME INTEGRATIVE LIGHTING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING

Smart lighting systems are based on sensors and tunable lighting systems are increasingly more prevalent, but collecting, analysing, and using the large data generated by these sensors are challenging. Inspired by research on evolutionary algorithms, it can be hypothesized that an adaptive lighting system can operate in real-time by adjusting its output through a decision-making algorithm based on data mining techniques. Such an adaptive lighting system requires two-order input from users; initial and continual. Initial conditions provide training to the system through human factors research investigating the interaction between humans and their environment. Continual conditions are provided by data collected through sensors in real-time, and they continuously feed into the decision-making algorithm to adjust the output to meet occupants’ biological and psychological needs. Research indicates that artificial intelligence techniques, such as evolutionary algorithms, can emerge as good candidates for this framework.

sensLAB: TESTING MOTION AND PRESENCE SENSORS FOR SMART LIGHTING

For further efforts in saving energy in lighting installations, intelligent sensors are indispensable. Despite the fact such sensors are available precise and reproducible measurements of the coverage areas are missing. Therefore, METAS decided in 2020 to install the world's first manufacturer-independent fully automated measurement system to test passive infrared motion and presence sensors according to the recently published standard IEC 63180:2020. The test facility allows reproducible measurements of radial and tangential movements by moving different scaled and heated dummies on linear tracks. Furthermore, the presence detection can be measured with an automated robot arm. The test results are provided in a digital test report and the data is available in a machine-readable format to be further processed in designing and planning softwares.

Research on Discrimination Threshold of Brightness for Different Color Temperatures

This article explores the experimental study on the relationship between human eye discrimination threshold of white light under different lighting levels and color temperatures by the psychophysical experimental method. The visual matching method was applied to study the subjective brightness perception under different lighting environments. We try to explore the internal connection between the physical intensity and subjective rating value. The experimental results will do help the development of dimming system for smart lighting.

IoT Enabled Smart Lighting System for Smart Cities

The pace of urbanisation has risen tremendously during the last few decades. To provide a higher quality of life, urban dwellers will require a greater variety of improved services and apps. The term “smart city” refers to integrating contemporary digital technology in the setting of a city to improve urban services. There are possibilities to create new services and connect disparate application areas with each other as a result of the use of information and communication technologies in the smart city. However, to make sure the services in an IoT-enabled smart city environment remain running without depleting valuable energy resources, all of the apps have to be maintained using energy resources that are kept at a minimum. IoT can enhance a city’s lighting system since it uses more energy than other municipal systems. An intelligent city integrates lighting system sensors and communication channels with enhanced intelligence features for a Smart Lighting System (SLS). To control lighting more efficiently, SLS systems are built to be autonomous and efficient. We cover the SLS and evaluate several IoT-enabled communication protocols in this article. Furthermore, we evaluated several use scenarios for IoT enabled indoor and outdoor SLS and generated a report detailing the energy consumption in different use cases. By using IoT-enabled smart lighting systems, our research has shown that energy savings are possible in both indoor and outdoor settings, which is equivalent to a forty percent reduction in energy usage. Finally, we went through the SLS in the smart city research plans.

Performance Analysis and Development of a Semiconductor Junction Rectifier with Multicolor Coding for Indoor Farm Applications

This paper aims to build a smart lighting system with applications such as remote for controlling power supply and optimizing heat management in the metal body of the semiconductor diode and with a printed circuit board for agriculture. The semiconductor diode strips with multiple colors are lined up and configured as a LED lamp with proper casing and heat sink. It has a driver circuit with required power regulation that is able to control the intensity of light for photosynthesis and plant growth requirements. The system uses hydroponics to plant the water, thus decreasing the usage of fertilizers. The entire system is controlled remotely using necessary communication interface application.