Reading and Listening Comprehension in Individuals With Down Syndrome and Word Reading–Matched Typically Developing Children

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the reading comprehension and listening comprehension performance of English-speaking children with Down syndrome (DS) compared with word reading–matched typically developing (TD) children. Method: Participants included 19 individuals with DS ( M age = 17;2 [years;months], range: 11;1–22;9) and 19 word reading–matched TD children ( M age = 7;2, range: 6;6–8;1). Participants completed three norm-referenced measures of reading comprehension and three norm-referenced measures of listening comprehension. Dependent variables were raw scores on each measure, with the exception of scaled scores on one reading comprehension measure. Results: Independent-samples t tests with Bonferroni-adjusted alpha levels of .008 revealed a significant between-groups difference for two of three reading comprehension measures. The mean raw scores were lower for the DS group than the TD group, with large effect sizes. Independent-samples t tests with Bonferroni-adjusted alpha levels of .008 revealed a significant between-groups difference for three of three listening comprehension measures. The mean raw scores on the three measures were lower for the DS group than the TD group, with large effect sizes. Conclusions: The DS group, despite being matched on word reading to the TD group, demonstrated reduced reading comprehension skills as compared with the TD group. Thus, as individuals with DS acquire word reading skills, it appears that they are unable to translate word reading success to achieve reading comprehension at the expected level (i.e., as indexed by typical readers). The between-groups differences in listening comprehension suggest that deficits in listening comprehension likely are a barrier to reading comprehension proficiency for children with DS. Listening comprehension may be a malleable factor that can be targeted to improve reading comprehension outcomes for individuals with DS.

Phonological Awareness as the Foundation of Reading Acquisition in Students Reading in Transparent Orthography

Phonological skills have been found to be strongly related to early reading and writing development. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to examine the extent to which the development of phonological awareness facilitates reading acquisition in students learning to read a transparent orthography. Our research included 689 primary school students in first through third grade (Mean age 101.59 months, SD = 12,690). The assessment tools used to conduct this research include the Phonological Awareness Test and the Gray Oral Reading Test. According to the results from the present study, 13.7% of students have reading difficulties. Students with reading difficulties obtained low scores in phonological awareness within each subscale compared to students who do not have reading difficulties (p < 0.01). Components of phonological awareness which did not singled out as strongly related to early reading success include Phoneme Segmentation, Initial Phoneme Identification, and Syllable Merging. Thus, understanding the nature of the relationship between phonological awareness and reading should help effective program design that will be aimed at eliminating delayed development in children’s phonological awareness while they are still in preschool.

Pedagogical Efficacy of Connections-OG in 3-D®: A Reading Program Based on the Science of Reading

No one disputes the importance of reading to life, career, and success. What is under debate is how to teach one to read. This research investigation analyzes the pedagogical efficacy of the Connections-OG in 3-D® reading program. Connections: OG in 3D® is a structured literacy curriculum that systematically teaches the entire structure of the English language. Each lesson provides direct, explicit instruction in the five components of reading, as outlined in the NRP Report (2000). Five elementary schools, in Arkansas and Missouri, used this program with fidelity to teach all their early elementary students how to read. The application of the Connections: OG in 3D® began in 2017 and continues to present day. Each school conducted its own assessments to determine student reading success. These assessments were collected, analyzed, and reviewed by sources outside the school district and Connections: OG in 3D®. The results of utilizing a structured literacy program based on the science of teaching reading is shared.

Peningkatan Minat Baca Pada Peserta Didik Sekolah Dasar Negeri 202/IX Bukit Makmur Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

Reading is a complex activity that directs large numbers of separate actions. One of the ways to achieve good reading success is interest. because without interest all activities will be carried out less effectively and efficiently. The reading interest of SDN 202 / IX Bukit Makmur students if observed as a whole is balanced or almost the same. However, it turns out that there are differences in reading interest between male and female students. The results of problem identification then emerged several problems at SDN 202 / IX Bukit Makmur which were identified as follows: (a) Students have not been seen to optimally utilize learning resources and learning facilities such as books and lessons, (b) students have not actively read books in the library. Based on the above problems, this research focuses on: Efforts made by classroom teachers to further increase the reading interest of class III students at SDN 202 / IX Bukit Makmur, Sei Bahar Sei Bahar District, Muaro Jambi Regency. This study aims to describe the teacher's efforts to increase reading interest in grade III SDN 202 / IX Bukit Makmur. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this study were 1 class teacher and 29 students III SDN 202 / IX Bukit Makmur. Data collection techniques using observation and interviews. Data analysis techniques in this study used data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the teacher's efforts to increase reading interest in third grade students of SDN 202 / IX Bukit Makmur, namely: (1) Encouraging children to tell stories about what they have heard or read, (2) Buying books that attract reading interest, (3) Swapping books with friends, (4) giving books as gifts, and (5) providing reading time. The reading interest of the third grade students was shown by the presence of several students visiting the library to borrow books or read books during recess.

Emmorey_Reading_Chapter_2020

Recent neuroimaging and electrophysiological evidence reveal how the reading system successfully adapts when phonological codes are relatively coarse-grained due to reduced auditory input during development. New evidence suggests that the optimal end-state for the reading system may differ for deaf versus hearing adults and indicates that certain neural patterns that are maladaptive for hearing readers may be beneficial for deaf readers. This chapter focuses on deaf adults who are signers and have achieved reading success. Although the left-hemisphere dominant reading circuit is largely similar, skilled deaf readers exhibit a more bilateral neural response to written words and sentences compared to their hearing peers, as measured by event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Skilled deaf readers may also rely more on neural regions involved in semantic processing compared to hearing readers. Overall, emerging evidence indicates that the neural markers for reading skill may differ for deaf and hearing adults.

study of the use of software related to phonic skills as part of the literacy programme in the infant department of a primary school in East Trinidad.

Research abounds on the importance of phonic development as an integral aspect of reading success as well as the use of technology in schools for the promotion of key reading skills. This study focuses on the use of existing phonic software in a primary school as part of the literacy programme. It utilizes a mixed method approach to closely examine the responses of participants through careful observation of interactions with existing software in a prepared environment. The findings reveal that the software has a positive motivational impact on the majority of participants in the study. Coupled with this, the findings highlight the need for collaborative planning among staff members for proper assessment of phonic development. The findings of the study can provide some direction with respect to planning of the literacy curriculum for this and similar schools in the district.

Reading Comprehension

Much has been written about the components that contribute to reading success, such as vocabulary knowledge, phonological awareness, orthographic knowledge, syntax, and inference and integration skills. But much less is known about how these skills contribute to reading comprehension in learners who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). With the spread of universal hearing screening of newborns, and the new generation of technologies in hearing compensation (i.e., digital hearing aids and cochlear implants [CIs]), the prospects for children with hearing loss with regard to successful reading comprehension should be substantially improved. However, despite these developments, reading and writing often remain a challenge for DHH children. The chapter begins with a summary of the skills required for successful comprehension in typically hearing readers, and then considers what we know about reading comprehension in DHH children. It concludes with a discussion of where researchers should be focusing their future investigations in order to serve educators and learners most effectively.

THE INFLUENCE OF PHONEMIC AWARENESS INSTRUCTION ON EFL EMERGENT READERS’ WORD RECOGNITION

Research has considered phonemic awareness skill as effective pillar in acquiring literacy skills. This skill has been identified as prerequisite for reading success However, little is known about the phonemic awarenessinstruction of Jordanian EFL emergent readers. This study therefore explored the impact of phonemic awareness instruction on word recognition among Jordanian EFL emergent readers.In this study, the research instrument was semi-structured interviews. Seven EFL students of emergent readers were interviewed. They were all first graders aged 7 years on average. Data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings indicated that there is a lack of knowledge or misunderstanding between the term of phonics and phonemic awareness as well. It has been also found that emergent readers’ views show positive support towards the use of phonemic awareness skill. At the end of the study, some pedagogical implications for curriculum designers as well as English teachers were provided accordingly.