OLD JAVANESE SEATING EQUIPMENT AS DEPICTED ON THE BASE RELIEF OF BOROBUDUR TEMPLE

This article describes cultural products related to sitting positions, seating equipment, and sitting accessories of the Old Javanese people as in the reliefs of the base section of the Borobudur temple. The reliefs of the Borobudur temple contain stories, meanings, and reflections of the socio-cultural conditions of the people at the time it was being built. As illustrated, the study reveals the variety of sitting positions, equipment, and accessories during the Old Javanese period. The uniqueness of their seating equipment and sitting accessories can be meaningful as the basis for product creation innovations referring to the culture of the Old Javanese people. The research is conducted by interpreting illustrations of people in their sitting positions, including the seating equipment and sitting accessories. The study is conducted by examining the reliefs at the base of Borobudur temple (kamadhatu), specifically in the karmawibangga story panel, which contains the illustrations of sitting activities, including their equipment and accessories. The proportions of the images of people and equipment on the reliefs of the Borobudur temple are perfect. Therefore, they are used to analyze the characteristics of the seating equipment and sitting accessories. The novelty of the research is the identification and study of the illustrations of the ancient people's sitting positions, seating equipment, and some related accessories depicted on the reliefs of the Borobudur temple. Currently, there are several different types of seating equipment in circulation. It is found that the equipment can be classified as personal and communal with a wide seat. The seating equipment, as classified, can be higher than the knee, at the same height as the knee, lower than the knee, and straight on the ground. It is also revealed that the accessories of the seating equipment are in the form of knee straps, backrest, seat cushion, and footstep.

Bed-thickness frequency distributions and recurrence intervals of sediment-gravity-flow deposits intercalated in lacustrine varved diatomite: examples from the middle Pleistocene Hiruzenbara Formation, southwest Japan

ABSTRACT Bed-thickness frequency distributions of sediment-gravity-flow deposits, especially turbidites, are one of the major interests of sedimentology. Lognormal, power-law, exponential, and truncated normal distributions have all been proposed for their frequency distributions. Although these frequency distributions have been obtained from many field observations and estimated from statistical models, problems associated with the complexity of sedimentary processes have remained. In this study, bed-thickness frequency distributions and the recurrence intervals of sediment-gravity-flow deposits intercalated in the Pleistocene lacustrine varved diatomite in southwest Japan were analyzed. The results reveal that the bed thicknesses of sediment-gravity-flow deposits induced by different mechanisms show different types of frequency distribution. For example, flood-induced sediment-gravity-flow deposits show power-law-like distributions, whereas such deposits caused by lake-slope-failure show lognormal distributions. The suggestion is that flood-induced types are deposited from floods having a power-law scale. However, the bed thicknesses of the deposits induced by lake-slope-failure do not purely reflect the event scale, because the lateral variation of their thicknesses reflects the depositional processes. The recurrence intervals of both types of event show Poisson-like distributions except for lake-slope-failure deposits at the slope-base section. Despite observed ranges, the distributions of lake-slope-failure deposits at the slope-base section have a high amount of zero value and the recurrence interval show exponentially decreasing. These results suggest that both events were generated randomly, despite different origins. In addition, the incompleteness of the records was also suggested from sediment bypass of a lake-slope-failure event at the slope-base section.

New data on the volcanism of the Central Chukotka segment of Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanogenic belt

The article presents new geochronological and geochemical data on the age and composition of the undifferentiated Cretaceous volcanics of the basin of the Palyavaam river Central Chukotka region. These data indicate the heterogeneity of the rocks of etchikun suites, which are divided into two groups. The andesites of the first group (actually etchikun suites ) are of early Cretaceous age and represent a magmatic phase preceding the formation of the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanogenic belt (OCHVB). The andesites of the second group correlate well in age and composition to the volcanic rocks of OCHVB. They lie at the base section of Chaunskaya series of OCHVB and indicate gomodromos the evolution of volcanism in the Central-Chukchi sector OCHVB.

Strengthening of Steel Columns under Load: Torsional-Flexural Buckling

The paper presents experimental and numerical research into the strengthening of steel columns under load using welded plates. So far, the experimental research in this field has been limited mostly to flexural buckling of columns and the preload had low effect on the column load resistance. This paper focuses on the local buckling and torsional-flexural buckling of columns. Three sets of three columns each were tested. Two sets corresponding to the base section (D) and strengthened section (E) were tested without preloading and were used for comparison. Columns from set (F) were first preloaded to the load corresponding to the half of the load resistance of the base section (D). Then the columns were strengthened and after they cooled, they were loaded to failure. The columns strengthened under load (F) had similar average resistance as the columns welded without preloading (E), meaning the preload affects even members susceptible to local buckling and torsional-flexural buckling only slightly. This is the same behaviour as of the tested columns from previous research into flexural buckling. The study includes results gained from finite element models of the problem created in ANSYS software. The results obtained from the experiments and numerical simulations were compared.