scholarly journals Indian Agent Involvement in the Establishment of Permanent Settlement for the South Indian Labouring Community, 1923–1941

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-115
Author(s):  
M. Utaman Raman ◽  
Sivachandralingam Sundara Raja
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Indian Agent ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Indian Agents ◽  
Indian Immigration ◽  
British Colonies

This article investigates a long-neglected aspect of Indian Malaysian history, namely the Indian Agents of the Government of India to British Malaya. The Indian Agents were representatives of the Indian Government who were appointed under the Indian Immigration Act of 1922 to investigate and report on the state of affairs of Indian communities in the British colonies. The official duties of the Indian Agents in British Malaya were formalised under Section 73 (III) of the Labour Code 1923. Between 1923 and 1941, six Indian Agents were appointed in British Malaya. Throughout their tenure, they focused on and reported extensively on the socioeconomic conditions of the Indian working-class community, particularly south Indian labourers. One problem that came to their attention was the underdevelopment of the community’s permanent settlement in the country. The Federated Malay States (FMS) government did not appear to be concerned about the situation. Similarly, private estate managers reacted indifferently to the issue. Both saw permanent settlement as simply an economic measure to keep the community as a labour force, rather than a way to alleviate their socioeconomic hardships. This article shows how the Indian Agents were able to uncover a range of issues that were impeding the establishment of permanent settlements for south Indian labourers in the FMS. Some of them demonstrated exceptional levels of direct involvement. The article’s primary goal is to assess the degree to which the Indian Agents influenced the overall development of permanent Indian labour settlement.

Economic Fallout of COVID-19 and State Policy Response for Labour Force Protection

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-52
Author(s):  
Rakesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
The Government

The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has posed multi-faceted socio-economic threats globally and nationally. India is believed to be among the worst affected countries for imposing longer and extensive lockdown. The Indian economy is projected contract significantly due to nationwide longer lockdown. The closing of all sorts of economic activities created livelihood challenges for industrial workers. This chapter highlights the potential challenges and state policy response for protection of the lives and livelihood of the labour force. Indian government undertakes many measures on the fiscal and monetary part to minimize the health and economic fallout of labour force. Due to robust policy response, Indian economy is projected to report an economic growth rate of 11% in 2021 amid the rebound of global economy and easing of lockdown restrictions. The government has announced a number reforms for agriculture and industrial sectors, especially for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) for larger absorption of labour force through increasing the output base.

Living on a low income as a systemic impediment to socio-economic development of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
NATALIIA TOLSTYKH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Government

The article sheds light on various approaches that seek to determine how widespread poverty and life on a low income are in Ukraine nowadays. As a social phenomenon, poverty has traditionally been associated with destitution and living below the subsistence level set by the government. However, the author holds the view that life on a low income not only means living near or below the poverty line. There is another part of Ukraine’s population that should also be considered needy — those whose income is less than twice as the subsistence level, and most of them are also subject to socio-economic deprivation. Drawing upon the findings of a social survey conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the NAS of Ukraine in 2019, the paper analyses the standard of living among different income groups. Particular attention is given to consumption patterns and social well-being of respondents in the lower income brackets. From the data, it can be inferred that living conditions of many Ukrainians are inadequate to sustain and develop human potential; furthermore, the low-income households have literally to struggle every day to make ends meet. The author brings into focus the main macroeconomic factors contributing to this situation and its adverse effect on the nation’s social potential. Some of the most common social consequences of living on a low income have been identified, such as limited consumption, a person’s dissatisfaction with life and his/her position in society. The above-mentioned survey also provides the estimates of how much the current subsistence level (with regard to Ukraine) should be. Having been made by different socio-demographic and occupational groups of Ukraine’s population, these estimates are a useful source of information — given that subsistence level is considered the basic social standard. According to the survey, all these figures are at variance with the official subsistence level, which is noticeably lower, and this indicates that the current subsistence level needs an upward revision. Today, the overall socio-economic situation in Ukraine is unfavourable for neoliberal economic reforms initiated by the government. Since these policies are primarily designed to reduce the role of state in managing the economy and implementing social welfare programmes, following this path will inevitably result in the entrenchment of mass poverty and in a major loss of Ukraine’s human potential, as well as labour force. The author argues that tackling the country’s chronic low income problem is only possible if a new strategy for socio-economic development is adopted, where social welfare is prioritised.

Legislative Impact on Land Markets in Cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-213
Author(s):  
Abhay Pethe ◽  
Ramakrishna Nallathiga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Land Markets ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Indian Cities ◽  
Do So

Land has recently been looked upon as having substantial value in the Indian cities, especially in Mumbai. However, the allocation of land is a contested area with conflicting views and experiences. Governments intervene in land allocation through legislations for achieving equity but they do so without understanding the institutional structure and changing political, social and economic order. The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act (ULCRA) is a piece of legislation through which Indian government made an attempt to redistribute urban land by limiting private ownership of it and confiscating the surplus. A critical review of its performance in India points to the difficulty of achieving such lofty goals in the complex real world, wherein different players actively use a variety of tactics to protect their interest, and also negotiate the outcome in the event of its repeal. The weak institutional capacity of the government and the changing governance framework render the outcomes detrimental. The experience of Mumbai city presented further points to the fact that the multiple actors thus have evolved their strategies to protect their interests through lobbying, corruption and legal wrangling. The experience of ULCRA, therefore, points to ground-level impediments to implementation of law and varied responses of the actors so as to preserve (or, even enhance) their particular interests. ULCRA also went against the decentralization of urban governance that began after the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.

Perceptions of an ageing agricultural workforce and farmers’ productivity strategies: Evidence from Prachinburi Province, Thailand

2021 ◽  
pp. 003072702110250
Author(s):  
Sylvia Szabo ◽  
Chidchanok Apipoonanon ◽  
Malay Pramanik ◽  
Kevin Leeson ◽  
Devendra Raj Singh
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Intergenerational Support ◽  
Ageing Workforce ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Government

Thailand’s agriculture is facing an ageing workforce, which could negatively influence agricultural production. Yet, there is still limited evidence regarding the perception of the ageing agricultural labour force in the country and a lack of insights into farmers’ strategies to improve agricultural output. To fill this gap, we analysed primary data from questionnaire-based surveys of 365 households in Prachinburi Province, Thailand. The results show that household poverty, farm experience, retirement, health concerns, and farm accidents are positively associated with the farmers’ perception on the ageing workforce, whereas education level, having an ageing farmer in the family, farm size, mentoring and access to new technology have a negative influence on the perception of the ageing workforce. Given the anticipated implications of the population ageing in Thailand, the government should consider establishing policy options to encourage younger entrants into the agricultural sector and prioritising policies related to intergenerational support.

scholarly journals Formality and informality in an Indian urban waste economy

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (7/8) ◽  
pp. 417-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Harriss-White
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Informal Labour ◽  
State Employment ◽  
Informal Contracts

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute original evidence about the conditions for formal and informal contracts for commodities and labour in the waste economy of a South Indian town. Design/methodology/approach Field research was exploratory, based on snowball sampling and urban traversing. The analysis follows capital and labour in the sub-circuits of capital generating waste in production, distribution, consumption, the production of labour and the reproduction of society. Findings Regardless of legal regulation, which is selectively enforced, formal contracts are limited to active inspection regimes; direct transactions with or within the state; and long-distance transactions. Formal labour contracts are least incomplete for state employment, and for relatively scarce skilled labour in the private sector. Research limitations/implications The research design does not permit quantified generalisations. Practical implications Waste management technology evaluations neglect the social costs of displacing a large informal labour force. Social implications While slowly dissolving occupational barriers of untouchability, the waste economy is a low-status labour absorber of last resort, exit from which is extremely difficult. Originality/value The first systematic exploration of formal and informal contracts in an Indian small-town waste economy.

scholarly journals The Effects of Human Capital by Gender on Economic Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Mohd Shahidan Shaari ◽  
Razinda Tasnim Abdul Rahim ◽  
Nor Hidayah Harun ◽  
Faiz Masnan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
Male Labour

The issue of human capital by gender has been sparsely discussed in previous literature especially male labour force. The contribution of both genders to economic growth has intensified every year. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of human capital by gender on economic growth in Malaysia. Data ranging from 1982 to 2018 were analysed by using the ARDL approach. The results show that higher male labour force participation rates can boost economic growth in the short run and long run in Malaysia. Higher female labour force participation rates, on the other hand, can reduce economic growth in the short run and long run in Malaysia. Therefore, the government should encourage more male labour to participate in the labour market by giving incentives. More job opportunities should be created for both genders.

scholarly journals Gst impact on the e-commerce sector: an overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249
Author(s):  
VIJAYA KUMAR K ◽  
JABIMOL C. MAITHEEN
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Government ◽  
Retail Entrepreneurs

The success of the e-commerce sector is largely dependent on the increasingnumber of retail entrepreneurs, who fall in the unorganized retail sector category. Thegovernment has included such players in the ambit of GST with an intention of broadeningthe tax base and has introduced specific provisions for the e-commerce companies. This isone of the major taxation reforms in Indian taxation system.GST is to set to integrate all stateeconomies and increase the overall growth of the country.GST will create unified market andboost the Indian economy. The Goods and Service Tax (GST) is a value added tax to beimplemented in India.. There are 3 kinds of taxes under GST: 1) SGST 2) CGST 3) IGST.The GST tax rates are divided into 5 categories which are 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 20%.Implementation of GST is one of the best decision taken by the Indian Government. Thesuccess of the e-commerce sector is largely dependent on the increasing number of retailentrepreneurs, who fall in the unorganized retail sector category. The government hasintroduced such players in the ambit of GST with the intension of broadening the tax baseand has introduced specific provisions for the e-commerce companies. This paper focuses onthe concept of GST and their impact on E-Commerce

scholarly journals Arbitrary Detention: A Challenge Faced by Muslim Minority in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Aijaz A. Turrey
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Government Agency ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
Religious Minority ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
The Government ◽  
Indian Penal Code

Muslims form the largest religious minority in India. Census of India 2011 registered about 14.4 per cent of India’s total population as Muslims. Being minority Muslims are one of the weaker sections of society and the most oppressed ones. Majority of the Muslims especially youth are going through distress and trauma of terrorism tags. Muslims are the prime targets of anti-national activities and often jailed and killed in fake encounters. They are the most suffered section of the society and a little is being done for their upliftment. An attempt has been made to analyze the condition of the Muslim minority in India in the present democratic scenario. The study mainly focused on the consequences of false charges and fake encounters on the socio-economic conditions of Muslims and their families in India. The study is actually an investigation in some thrust areas in which Muslim section of the society is being demoralized deeply in India. The government of India established The Ministry of Minority Affairs on 29th January 2006 to look after the issues of minority communities and suggest development frameworks for their benefit. The 2017 World Report of the Human Rights Watch1 also finds India as the violator of human rights with respect to freedom and treatment of minorities.1An Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analyzing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

scholarly journals VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EDUCATION IN NORTH-EAST INDIA: ACCESS AND LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

India’s north-east region, comprising of eight States is one of the less industrialised and economically backward areas of the country. Lack of skilled manpower has been identified as one of the major reasons for the underdevelopment of the manufacturing sector. Recently, the government of India has embarked on an ambitious target of improving the skill base of the country through expansion of the vocational education and training (VET) programmes. In this context, the paper examines the access to VET among the working-age population and the impact on employment and earnings using the Annual Report of the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18. The paper argues that despite the recent initiatives on massive skilling of the country's youth a very little section of NE has accessed formal VET. Moreover, although it has some impact on raising labour force participation, there is no evidence that formal VET courses are effective enough to increase earnings, bridge the gender gap in wages, or the improving work conditions of the VET holders.

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