Fire Mitigation in Densely Populated Settlements in Banjarmasin

Banjarmasin yang padat penduduk menjadikan sangat rawan akan terjadi berbagai ancaman yang membahayakan lingkungan masyarakat, salah satunya adalah kejadian kebakaran yang tercatat dari tahun 2020 hingga 2021 ini seringkali kejadian kebakaran pada pemukiman penduduk di Kota Banjarmasin, menjadikan pentingnya meningkatkan kewaspadaan terhadap berbagai sumber kebakaran. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kegiatan mitigasi dari penyebab kebakaran yang biasanya terjadi di lingkungan sekitar pemukiman masyarakat dan memberikan pemahaman kepada masyarakat mengenai mitigasi dan kewaspadaan tentang bahaya kebakaran pada pemukiman padat penduduk. Artikel ini disusun dari hasil pengabdian kepada masyarakat yang dilaksanakan pada tanggal 28 Juni 2021. Pada bagian analisis hasil, penulis menggunakan berbagai sumber lainnya seperti artikel berita, artikel jurnal, penelitian dan lainnya. Hasil diskusi mendeskripsikan bahwa banyak dari masyarakat belum mengetahui berbagai sumber-sumber dari penyebab kebakaran pada pemukiman atau rumah mereka seperti kelalaian manusia dalam instalasi listrik rumah, kelalaian manusia dalam mengawasi penggunaan alat-alat listrik rumah tangga ataupun biasanya juga dari tabung gas yang bocor ataupun meledak juga menjadi penyebab terjadinya kebakaran pada pemukiman penduduk. Selain itu juga penyampaian tentang kerjasama antara pemerintah kota Banjarmasin dengan BPK dalam penanggulangan kebakaran, juga pengembangan dari relawan pemadam kebakaran yang langsung dibawah binaan pemerintah kota Banjarmasin.

Edible fire buffers: mitigation of wildfire with multifunctional landscapes

Wildfires ravage lands in seasonally-dry regions, imposing high costs on infrastructure maintenance and human habitation at the wildland-urban interface (WUI). Current fire mitigation approaches present upfront costs with uncertain long-term payoffs. Instead, we show that a simple landscape intervention on human-managed wildlands -- buffers of a low-flammability crop species such as banana irrigated using recycled water -- can mitigate wildfires, produce food profitably, and provide additional ecosystem services. Recreating a recent, major fire in simulation, we find that a medium-sized banana buffer decreases fireline intensity by 96%, similar to prescribed burns and mechanical thinning combined, and delays the fire by 316 minutes, enabling safe and effective firefighting. We find that under climate change, despite worsened fires, banana buffers will still have a protective effect. We also find that banana buffers with average yield could produce a profit of $56k USD/hectare through fruit sales, in addition to fire mitigation and other benefits.

Evaluation of Fire Mitigation and Fire Protection in a Cooking Oil Processing Company

Introduction: A fire ever took place in the early 2019 in one of the cooking oil processing companies in Sidoarjo. This is because the company had a storage warehouse of cartons, jerry cans, and plastic packaging,categorized into flammable materials. The flame was suspected from rags that were exposed to spills of cooking oil, oxygen, and heat from direct sunlight and cigarette butts. The research objectives of this study are to study the implementation of fire mitigation unit and also active and passive fire protection facilities in one of the cooking oil processing companies in Sidoarjo. Methods: The study was observational with a cross sectional design and was analyzed descriptively. It evaluated the suitability of the observational data with the Minister of Manpower Decree Number 186 Year 1999, Minister of Public Work Regulation Number 26 Year 2008, and Minister of Manpower and Transmigration Regulation Number 4 Year 1980. The variables consisted of 1 fire mitigation unit, 1 waterway, 34 fire extinguishers, 7 emergency exits, 41 evacuation routes, and 2 assembly points. Data were collected through the observation and document study. Then, the data were presented in a narrative form. Results: 79.2% of fire mitigation units, 77.6% of active fire protection facilities, and 57.1% of passive fire protection facilities in one of the cooking oil processing companies in Sidoarjo are appropriate with the applicable regulations. Conclusion: The fulfillment level of fire mitigation units and active fire protection facilities are high, while the fulfillment level of passive fire protection facilities are moderate.Keywords: active and passive fire protection, evaluation, fire mitigation

Understanding the hydrologic impacts of wildfire management strategies using MIKE SHE

<p>Proactive thinning and controlled burning are being utilized to mitigate the effects of severe wildfires across the globe. Hydrologic function of watersheds after wildfire and clear-cutting has been well documented, however the impacts of pre-fire mitigation strategies are less understood. The current study utilized two mixed precipitation watersheds, which supply drinking water for Ashland, Oregon, USA, to assess the effectiveness of restoration and fuel reduction strategies on hydrologic change. This Mediterranean dry mixed conifer-hardwood habitat is unique as it sits in the convergence point of several ecoregions, providing significant biological diversity for the region. Hydrologic response from prior mitigation strategies was evaluated using max monthly flow, mean annual 7-day low flow, runoff ratios, timing and total water yield. Results show an average decrease of 26% and 24% in total annual water yields in the West and East basins of the Ashland watershed, respectively. Analysis also showed that 66% (West) and 72% (East) of the changes in water yield were due to annual variations in precipitation, demonstrating that land cover changes were not the dominant driver of hydrologic change. Current work includes identifying the thresholds at which stand density reduction leads to an increase in annual surface water yield. The integrated surface and groundwater model, MIKE SHE, is developed and used to simulate a range of forest fire mitigation efforts based upon representative parameters in the model, including leaf area index. Findings will then be expanded to include stand density index for better interpretation of our findings to make recommendations for local and regional forest managers. Ultimately, results will help inform future implementation of forest restoration and climate adaptation at larger scales.</p>

What is wrong with post-fire soil erosion modelling?

<p>Wildfire patterns are shifting all over the world as a consequence, among others, of changes in land use and climate [1], which may entail remarkable social, environmental, and economic implications. The occurrence of wildfires is often linked to increased post-fire hydrological and erosive responses, which are hard to predict due to the complexity of factors involved [2]. Against this background, soil erosion models arise as a resourceful tool in the decision-making process for environments that are or could be affected by wildfires: from prevention to mitigation and from emergency actions to long-term planning. Nevertheless, the current soil erosion models were not originally developed for post-fire conditions, so they are not adapted to include fire-related changes into their predictions [3]. This work aimed to review the scientific advances in the last twenty years in post-fire soil erosion modelling research from a meta-analysis approach.</p><p>To this end, the Scopus database was searched using different combinations of the terms “model”, “modelling”, “fire”, “wildfire” “hydrology”, “erosion”, “runoff”, “burn”, “burnt”, “erosion”, “soil erosion”, “sediment” and “rill”. Afterwards, the following publications were excluded: a) reviews; b) journals without peer-review process; c) books or book chapters; d) reports; e) editorials; f) conference proceedings; g) works in which the modelling was conducted on individual processes; h) studies modelling debris flows and landslides; i) works that did not conduct post-fire and/or erosion modelling; j) works that are not in English. Then, it was identified whether authors included in the models important factors related to soil erosion in fire-affected environments such as changes in water infiltration, burn severity, and/or the application of post-fire mitigation treatments. The main modelling approaches used, the calibration and validation of predicted data, and the use of efficiency indexes were also evaluated. </p><p>The screening resulted in 33 works (43 cases based on the model used) that were not homogeneously distributed worldwide, neither according to the model type used, nor by regions most affected by wildfires. For the calibration process, in 70% of the cases models were adapted to burned conditions but only in 25% of them, individual input parameters were improved to accommodate processes that were not previously represented. Additionally, burn severity and changes in infiltration were considered in 77 and 65% of the cases, respectively, whereas only 26% of the cases corresponded to studies where post-fire mitigation treatments were applied. It is noteworthy that only in 19% of the cases, the predicted data were validated with independent field datasets and uncertainty was assessed in 5% of the studies.</p><p>It is highlighted that further efforts are required on the adaptation of erosion models to burned conditions, evaluating the model performance in both calibration and validation stages for a wider variety of environments and scenarios, in order to accurately predict the hydrological and erosive response after fires.</p><p>[1] Andela et al. (2017). Science 356: 1356-1362. DOI: 10.1126/science.aal4108</p><p>[2] Larsen & MacDonald (2007). Water Resour. Res. 43: W11412. DOI: 10.1029/2006WR005560</p><p>[3] Vieira et al. (2018). Environ. Res. 165: 365-378. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.04.029</p>

SOCIALIZATION OF FIRE MITIGATION IN DENSELY POPULATED AREA AT JATI SAMPURNA, BEKASI

During the first quarter of 2019, from January to March 2019 there were 45 fire incidents in the city of Bekasi with losses ranging from Rp. 2,365,000,000 (based on data from the Bekasi City fire dept Service). From 45 events in the city of Bekasi, 3 of them occurred in Jatisampurna sub-district. Based on the type of object 45 events 15 of which are residential houses.With the data above, it can be said that the risk of fire can cause material and immaterial losses and can also cause trauma to fire victims. The importance of knowledge and information on fire hazard mitigation and how mitigation measures against fire hazards need to be conveyed to people who live in densely populated areas where the risk of fire is quite large. Laws or regulations on fire are not yet widely owned by most regions, so there are no special rules that can be covered in relation to fire risk.