Seasonal Nonstructural Carbohydrate Patterns in Dewberry (Rubus spp.) Roots

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Ghantous ◽  
Hilary A. Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽  
Fruit Maturity

Abstract Applying control measures when carbohydrate levels are low can decrease the likelihood of plant survival, but little is known about the carbohydrate cycles of dewberry (Rubus spp.), a problematic weed group on cranberry farms. Weedy Rubus plants were collected from areas adjacent to production beds on commercial cranberry farms in Massachusetts, two locations per year for two years. For each site and year, four entire plants were collected at five phenological stages: budbreak, full leaf expansion, flowering, fruit maturity, and after onset of dormancy. Root sections were analyzed for total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC; starch, sucrose, fructose, and glucose). Overall trends for all sites and years showed TNC were lowest at full leaf expansion or flowering; when sampled at dormancy, TNC concentrations were greater than or equal to those measured at budbreak. Starch, a carbohydrate form associated with long-term storage, had low levels at budbreak, leaf expansion and/or flowering with a significant increase at fruit maturity and the onset of dormancy, ending at levels higher than those found at budbreak. The concentration of soluble sugars, carbohydrate forms readily usable by plants, was highest at budbreak compared to the other four phenological samplings. Overall, our findings supported the hypothesis that TNC levels within the roots of weedy Rubus plants can be predicted based on different phenological growth stages in Massachusetts. However, recommendations for timing management practices cannot be based on TNC cycles alone; other factors such as temporal proximity to dormancy may also impact Rubus plants recovery and further research is warranted. Late-season damage should allow less time for plants to replenish carbohydrate reserves (prior to the onset of dormancy), thereby likely enhancing weed management tactics effectiveness over time. Future studies should consider tracking the relationship between environmental conditions, phenological stages, and carbohydrate trends.

A Reintroduction to Integrated Weed Management

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde L. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Integrated Crop Management ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Management Hierarchy ◽  
Crop Management Systems

Integrated Weed Management (IWM), a long time practice by farmers has become more commonly discussed as a total weed management system. Whether an off shoot of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) or a further recognition of integrating weed control measures within the cropping and farming system, it has become more widespread. IWM is being practiced using many of the same components, from croplands to forests and rangeland. A weed management hierarchy has been developed by degree of diversity of management practices. IWM researchers and educators should invite other pest management specialists to join us in striving for Integrated Crop Management systems.

Effect of Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Nutrient Depletion, Productivity and Profitability of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata) under Zero Tillage Condition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
Hardev Ram ◽  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
R.K. Meena ◽  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Free Treatment ◽  
Crop Weed Competition

Background: Weeds are prime factor that adversely effects on growth, quality and yield of mungbean during summer and rainy season. Being a short duration crop, it faces heavy weed competition right from the early growth stages to harvesting. The critical period of crop weed competition in mungbean was initial 25-30 days, yield may be reduce up to 50-90% if weeds not manage at this stage. Hence, there is a need to find out the successful weed management strategies to realize higher growth and yield. The progressive transformation of agriculture concerning intensive use of herbicides is gaining status in recent years due to easy, lower cost, timeliness and successful controlling weeds. Therefore, keeping above information in view, the present study was undertaken to assess the effect of different weed management practices in summer mungbean under zero tillage condition to find out the better weed management, higher productivity and profitability.Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during summer season, 2019, different herbicides were applied to manage weeds in mungbean. Eight treatments were applied based on various application windows. In the field and laboratory, the collected samples were determined for crop weed competition, yield attributes, yields and net returns. Result: The results revealed that weed free treatment was recorded lowest weed population at 30 DAS and harvest (1.8 and 2.9), weed dry weight (1.1 and 1.9g) and highest weed control efficiency (96.3 and 94.9%) followed by Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The similar results also observed in nutrients removed by weeds. Among yield attributes, weed free treatment recorded the longest pod length, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod and test weight (7.9, 21.0, 9.7 and 43.0g, respectively) which was at par with Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The magnitude of seed yield was increased under weed free (10.1 q/ha) and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) (9.5 q/ha) treatments by 127.9 and 113.8%, respectively over weedy check. Application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) recorded highest net returns (Rs 55,079/ha) and B: C (2.8) over rest of the treatments. It can concluded that application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) @ 2 L/ha at 20 DAS recommended for better weed control, higher yield and net returns of summer mungbean under zero tillage condition.

scholarly journals Effects of Summer Pruning and Cropload on Summer and Winter Bud Carbohydrates in Sweet Cherry

2014 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope F. Measham ◽  
Audrey G. Quentin ◽  
Nicholas MacNair
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
The Impact

Orchard management practices have the potential to influence carbohydrate supply to storage organs, including buds. This study was designed to assess if bud carbohydrates could be manipulated by orchard practices in sweet cherry (Prunus avium). Additionally, we investigated the impact of any such changes on subsequent bud burst and fruit quality the next season. We examined the effect of pruning at different fruit growth stages and cropload on summer and winter bud non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) and on fruit quality at harvest the next summer in two cultivars. Buds were collected postharvest in summer and after the onset of dormancy in winter, and individual soluble sugars and starch were extracted. The next growing season, flower number and fruit set were recorded. When fruit reached full maturity, fruit were harvested for quality assessment. We observed qualitative changes in NSCs from buds collected in summer and winter. Pruning significantly reduced available NSCs in late summer buds but made little difference by winter; only early pruning showed slight changes in sucrose and glucose. However, early pruning positively influenced the next season’s fruit grade. High cropload resulted in higher NSCs in winter buds than the low cropload. Significant changes in sucrose from summer to winter were observed, and levels of sucrose in the buds differed between cultivars. Different levels of winter bud sucrose between cultivars corresponded to different rates of bud burst. Although pruning was able to manipulate NSCs in buds within a few weeks, these changes were not sufficient to influence the rate of bud burst within a cultivar, but pruning did influence fruit quality in the next season.

scholarly journals Weed Interference and Control in Cowpea Production: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Adewale Osipitan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Weed Removal

In spite of the great economic potential of cowpea as both domestic and commercial crop, a number of constraints, which include insect pests, diseases and weeds, limits its production in West and many parts of Africa. Weeds reduced cowpea yield and value by competing for light, water and nutrients. Cowpea suffers from weeds particularly when the crop is in the early growth stages before ground cover. Yield losses cause by weeds alone in cowpea production can be as high as 76% depending on the cowpea cultivar, environment and weed management practices. A timely weed removal at the critical period, which falls within the first 40 days of cowpea growth, would help to prevent an unacceptable yield. Weed management in cowpea has been with low technology. Hand weeding is the most widely used weed control method in cowpea but they are usually expensive and labour intensive. Cultural practices such as narrow row spacing and planting of early maturing varieties are also used for weed control in cowpea. Herbicides, which are relatively easy to use and less expensive, have not been widely adopted for weed control in cowpea. There are limited number of selective herbicides with wide spectrum for weed control in cowpea. However, an integrated practices that involved pre-emergence weed control using herbicides or physical weeding, and a supplementary weed removal that would ensure weed control up to 40 days after cowpea emergence could substantially prevent yield losses associated with weed interference.

scholarly journals Response of weed management practices on the Productivity of urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 348-352
Author(s):  
Prahlad Jakhar ◽  
S.S. Yadav ◽  
Rakesh Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Vigna Mungo ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil

A field Investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of hand weedings and herbicides on the weed flora, growth and yield of urdbean (Vigna mungo). The experiment was conducted during kharif season 2011 in loamy sand soil, to study the effect of different Ten weed management treatments comprising weedy check, weed free, one hand weeding (HW) at 20 days after sowing (DAS), two HW at 20 and 40 DAS, trifluralin at 0.75 kg/ha, alachlor at 1.5 kg/ha, imazethapyr at 0.10 kg/ha, trifluralin at 0.75 kg/ha + HW at 30 DAS, alachlor at 1.5 kg/ha + HWat 30 DAS and imazethapyr at 0.10 kg/ha + HW at 30 DAS on urdbean. Results showed that the maximum plant height was recorded under weed free treatment at all the growth stages and the maximum dry matter accumulation of 108.88 and 159.31 g per metre row length at 50 DAS and harvest stages was obtained under imazethapyr at 0.10 kg/ha + HW at 30 DAS treatment that was significantly higher by 17.8, 21.8, 24.6, 31.8 and 56.0 per cent at 50 DAS and 20.4, 17.6, 25.4, 29.0 and 50.1 per cent at harvest stage over imazethapyr at 0.10 kg/ha, one HW at 20 DAS, alachlor at 1.5 kg/ha, trifluralin at 0.75 kg/ha and weedy check treatments, respectively.. Application pre emergence application of imazethapyr at 0.10 kg/ha + HW at 30 DAS was found the most effective treatment with regard of grain yield (1403 kg/ha) and net returns (Rs 34815/ha). Two hand weedings done at 20 and 40 DAS also produced grain yield of 1392 kg/ha with net returns of Rs 33469 /ha.

scholarly journals Understanding Phenological Stages of Pomegranates vis-à-vis Flowering and Fruiting Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Kumar ◽  
Hare Krishna ◽  
Shailendra Rajan ◽  
Mahdi Alizadeh ◽  
Prananath Barman
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Plant Behavior ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
Need To Evaluate

Abstract A thorough understanding of plant behavior at different growth stages is of paramount importance for fruit quality improvement, the regulation of production periods, and reduced fruit production costs. There are as many as three waves of flowering in evergreen pomegranate cultivars – i.e., during the spring, rainy, and autumn seasons. However, for securing enhanced production of superior quality fruits as well as profit to the growers, crop regulation is required. This can be achieved by forcing the tree to rest at a particular stage and by producing abundant blossoming and quality fruits during any one of the three flushes. Observations on phenological phases would help in understanding the dates of specific stages of crop development, which in turn enable the growers to plan, organize, and carry out timely schedules of agronomic practices such as irrigation, fertilization, and crop protection. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate the response of pomegranate under different environmental conditions to identify a suitable flowering season to produce a better quality of fruits with consistent yield, and to enable standardization of management practices for optimum production based on phenological stages.

scholarly journals Weed Management Practices to Improve Establishment of Selected Lignocellulosic Crops

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2478
Author(s):  
Ioannis Gazoulis ◽  
Panagiotis Kanatas ◽  
Panayiota Papastylianou ◽  
Alexandros Tataridas ◽  
Efthymia Alexopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Giant Reed ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Giant Miscanthus

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the dominant renewable energy resources suited for the production of sustainable biofuels and other energy purposes. This study was focused on weed management strategies that can improve the establishment of six lignocellulosic crops. The studied crops included: giant miscanthus, switchgrass, giant reed, cardoon, sweet sorghum, and kenaf. Delayed planting, increased planting densities, and mulching techniques can suppress weeds in giant miscanthus. Weed competition is detrimental for switchgrass establishment. Seedbed preparation and cultivar selection can determine its ability to compete with weeds. Giant reed is unlikely to get outcompeted by weeds, and any weed control operation is required only for the first growing season. Competitive cultivars and increased seeding rates maximize the competitiveness of cardoon against weeds. Several cultural practices can be used for non-chemical weed management in sweet sorghum and kenaf. For all crops, pre-emergence herbicides can be applied. The available safe post-emergence herbicides are limited. Mechanical weed control during crucial growth stages can provide solutions for sweet sorghum, kenaf, and perennial grasses. Further research is required to develop effective weed management strategies, with emphasis on cultural practices, that can improve the establishment of these prominent lignocellulosic crops.

Competition and control of weeds in soybean

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajender Singh Chhokar ◽  
Rajender Singh Balyan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
And Control

Two field experiments were carried out from 1993 to 1995 to evaluate the critical period of weed control and to develop suitable weed management practices for jungle rice, horse purslane, and cockscomb in soybean. Horse purslane was more competitive during early growth stages (up to 45 days after sowing [DAS]) and cockscomb was more competitive during later growth stages, whereas jungle rice was competitive throughout the growing season. The critical period of weed control was found to be 30 to 45 DAS. Weed-free maintenance up to 45 DAS resulted in a 74% increase in grain yield of soybean over the unweeded control. Keeping soybean weed free for 45 d or allowing weeds to remain in the crop for less than 30 d resulted in no significant yield loss. Sequential application of a reduced rate of soil-applied trifluralin 1.0 kg ha–1(0.67 ×) with postemergence fluazifop 0.75 kg ha–1(0.75 ×) or a reduced rate of soil-applied trifluralin or pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha–1(0.67 ×) followed by hand hoeing 35 DAS provided better control of a broad spectrum of weeds than a single application of a postemergence herbicide applied at reduced or recommended rates. Integration of reduced rates of soil-applied herbicides with post-emergence herbicides or hand hoeing 35 DAS produced soybean yields similar to the hand-weeded treatment. Compared to the weed-free or integrated weed control, a single application of soil-applied or postemergence herbicide did not control a broad spectrum of weeds and reduced soybean yield.

scholarly journals Influence of different transplanting date and weed management practices on yield and quality of basmati rice (Pusa Basmati-1509)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1958-1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Kumar ◽  
V. S. Hooda ◽  
D. P. Nandal ◽  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
Gaurendra Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Basmati Rice ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Yield And Quality

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2014 at students’ farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, college of agriculture, Kaul (Kaithal). The experiment consisted of four transplanting dates (June 15, July 5, July 25 and August 15) in main plots and six weed control treatments in sub plots treatments consisted of pre-emergence application of pretilachlor, oxadiargyl alone and sequential application of pre and post emergence herbicides viz., pretilachlor fb bispyribac, oxadiargyl fb bispyribac, weed free check and unweeded check. Based on research investigation it was observed that early transplanting dates (June 15 and July 5) produced taller plant, higher tillers/m2 and crop dry matter accumulation at all growth stages. Early transplanting produced significantly higher number of effective tillers/m2 (263) along with higher number of filled grain/ panicle (85) than delayed planting (July 25 and August 15). The 1000-grain weight was not affected by time of transplanting. The highest grain yield (4363 kg/ha) was recorded under June 15 transplanting which was statistically at par to the grain yield (4058 kg/ha) obtained under July 5 transplanting. Among the weed management practices tried, weed free check resulted in the highest values of plant height (104.2 cm), tillers/m2 (305), crop dry matter accumulation (964 g/ m2), effective tillers/m2 (271), grains length (8.5 cm), filled grains/panicle (86.3) as well as grain (4516 kg/ha) and straw yield (5506 kg/ha) which were however, comparable to pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl followed by bispyribac-sodium applied at 25 DAT and pretilachlor followed by bispribac-sodium at 25DAT.

Weed Management in Peanut Using Stale Seedbed Techniques

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Carroll Johnson ◽  
Benjamin G. Mullinix
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Weed Emergence

Field studies were conducted from 1991 through 1993 to determine the effects of stale seedbed management practices on weed control in peanut. Main plots were four levels of stale seedbed management: deep till (23 cm) and plant the same day (standard system), deep till 6 wk early and shallow till (7.6 cm) at 2 wk intervals prior to planting, deep till 6 wk early and application of glyphosate (1.1 kg ai ha−1) 1 wk prior to planting, and deep till 6 wk early without additional treatment prior to planting. Sub-plots were three levels of weed management following peanut planting; intensive, basic, and cultivation alone. Stale seedbed management practices stimulated weed emergence when followed by other control measures prior to planting. Populations of Florida beggarweed, Texas panicum, and yellow nutsedge were lower when stale seedbeds were shallow tilled at 2 wk intervals prior to planting, resulting in greater peanut yields. Weeds on nontreated stale seedbeds were difficult to control once peanut was planted and reduced yields. Stale seedbed management practices generally had no effect on the quantity of foreign material contaminants originating from weeds, soil, or peanut plant in harvested peanut. These results indicate that shallow tillage on stale seedbeds can reduce weed populations prior to planting and increase peanut yields.

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