Prevalence of Sexual Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Un-Protected Sex in Temporary Marriage in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Temporary marriage (TM) is legitimate sexual relations without social, moral approval, which can be a threat to individuals’ health, it is a risk factor for spread of Sexual Transmitted Infections (STIs). Therefore, it is necessary to identify and control STIs in TM-individuals and subsequent save of "society health". In this meat-analysis, we examined the prevalence of STIs in TM in Iran. We further examined un-protected sex among TM-individuals. Method: Up to Feb 2020, we searched international and national electronic databases identify to published studies on the prevalence of STIs in TM. We estimated the prevalence of STIs in TM using a random-effect pooled estimate analysis approach. Results: Totally, we retrieved 1616 studies from the previously mentioned databases, of which, 18 met the eligibility criteria, published from 1995 to 2020 in different provinces. The total sample size of the included studied contained 2056 TM-individuals, of which 368 were found with STIs and 955 with unprotected sex. The pooled prevalence of STIs and unprotected sex among TM women was 39% (95%CI: 24% to 54%), 55% (95%CI: 40% to 70%) Conclusion: STI and unprotected sex are high among TM-individuals which call an urgent need for community and health care providers to provide especially designed medical and psycho-social supportive care services in a safe and unprejudiced environment for TM-individuals. Furthermore, untrained health care providers for TMindividuals, under reporting, social stigma should be taken in to account. Denying the presence of such realities, does not eradicate the facts but results in catastrophic public health problems.

Sexual and Reproductive Health Challenges in Temporary Marriage: A Systematic Review

Background: Temporary marriage is a legal form of marriage in Shia Islam allowing a man and a woman to become married in a fixed period of time. This review was conducted to identify the potential effects of temporary marriage on the sexual and reproductive health of women. Study design: A systematic review Methods: Electronic databases, including Web of Knowledge, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, ProQuest, IranMedex, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran, were searched up to October 2020 to identify the studies carried out on sexual and reproductive health challenges in temporary marriage. All the selected articles were assessed for eligibility according to their titles and abstracts. Results: During the search on articles published within 1995 to October 2020, 1,802 relevant records were identified, and after evaluation 30 full-text papers were included in the present systematic review. Out of the 34,085 study participants in the selected studies, 3,547 subjects had temporary marriage who were studied under six different categories, namely (1) sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/human immunodeficiency viruses, (2) early child marriage, (3) unplanned pregnancy and induced abortion, (4) violence, (5) psychosocial disorders, and (6) other issues. Individuals with temporary marriage are vulnerable and need to have easy access to health education and sexual and reproductive health services in a safe and unprejudiced environment. Ignoring the aforementioned facts will cause serious public health problems, especially for women from a lower socioeconomic background. Conclusions: In the current situation with under-reporting of temporary marriage-related events due to social stigma and absence of quality services in sexual and reproductive health, women with temporary marriage are under the additional risk of STIs, unwanted pregnancy, abortion, and violence.

The role of the institution of temporary marriage in Iranian culture

In the history of Iran, the institution of temporary marriage is old-established. However, in different historical periods this institution had different forms and functions. Although temporary marriage did not receive public recognition among the Iranian people, this institution continues to exist in the Iranian society. The author attempts to determine the reasons for its perpetuation in the Iranian culture. Analysis is conducted on the dynamics of transformations of the institution of temporary marriage in the Iranian culture in different historical periods. The conclusions are acquired using the method of comparative-historical analysis of historical manuscripts and written testimonies. The author classifies and describes the three historical periods “Ancient Iran”, “The Initial Period of Islam prior to the Islamic Republic”, and “The Islamic Republic”. The results demonstrate that the institution of temporary marriage, which emerged on the basis of patriarchal culture of Iranian society, legitimately met individual needs, such as sexual desire, childbearing, livelihood; and social needs, such as inheritance, strengthening of social ties. In each historical period, this institution also performed special cultural functions revealed in the course of this research. There is yet no comprehensive and documented historical research, which would compare all historical periods in a single work.

Temporary Marriage in Iran: Gender and Body Politics in Modern Iranian Film and Literature

This is a book review of Claudia Yaghoobi, Temporary Marriage in Iran: Gender and Body Politics in Modern Iranian Film and Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020).

COMPARISON MUT'AH MARRIAGE ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC LAW AND NATIONAL LAW

Mut'ah marriage or temporary marriage or what is known as contract marriage is a phenomenon that often occurs in Indonesia, this problem must be anticipated because it is detrimental to women and has been forbidden by the Indonesian Ulama Council. The research method used is a normative juridical approach. Normative research or also known as literature law research is legal research carried out by examining library materials or secondary data. The results of the research found stated that Mut’ah marriage is temporary marriage, the Prophet Muhammmad S.A.W has justified the mut’ah marriage for three days and after that the Prophet forbade it forever. Here the Apostle once allowed it at a time which might have taken the form of an emergency as it was permissible to eat carcass meat, if there were no other foods under compulsion.