ACQUISITION OF SENTENCES BY A THREE-YEAR-OLD INDONESIAN BOY: A CASE STUDY ON M. GENTAMAS RANSI ALDEN

This study was investigated about the acquisition of sentences by three-year-old Indonesian boy, M. Gentamas Ransi Alden. The objective of this study were to investigated the sentences that produced by three years old Indonesia boy, and to explain the reason for the sentences produced based on mood in a case study on M. Gentamas Ransi Alden. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research design. The data were utterances from a three years old Indonesia boy and source of data taken from M. Gentamas Ransi Alden. For the duration of almost three months, the researcher observed and recorded the subject’s produced sounds, words, and sentences. The researcher also observed how the learner interacts with various linguistics inputs to see how the subject processes them. Finally, the researcher also observed him as interacts with people to determine the levels of the various constructs of his communicative competence. The result of the data showed that the subject already acquired the sentences based on mood, they are: 1) declarative sentences, 2) imperative sentences, 3) exclamatory sentences, and 4) interrogative sentences. In acquiring the second language, the research subject acquired the sentence during the process of imitating from their parents since they start over to speak. The subject used a declarative sentence to declare their statements, the interrogative sentence they use it to ask about information of something, the exclamatory sentences they use to shows about the emotion and also to declare their statement, and the imperative sentences to ask another to do something. Keywords: Children Sentence Acquisition, Kinds of Sentences, a Three Year Old, Indonesian Boy

Bycie – nie bycie, prawda – fałsz w koncepcji Arystotelesa

The basis of Aristotle’s arguments about truth and falsity is formulated syntactically according to the distinctions of ‘to be’ as the predicative affirmation - composition and, correspondingly, ‘not to be’ as negation – separation. As the nominal defining characteristic of falsity is contradic­tion, so of truth is non-contradiction. The expression of truth or falsity in the declarative sentence of affirmation or negation is a function of thinking as a human cognitive disposition under the semantic figures of categorical predication. In addition, we cite Aristotle’s more important texts on the true intellection of non-composites (indivisibles), the inves­tigation of truth and probability, the diagnosis of falsehood, the truthful­ness and lying. Finally, a mention of modern adaptations of Aristotle’s concept of truth.

The interrogative intonation in the Kunigami dialect of Okinoerabu, Ryukyu

Cross-linguistically, intonation patterns for yes/no questions rise in many languages. However, there are multiple reports of interrogative sentences with falling intonation in Japanese dialects. It is said that five types of interrogative intonation exist in Japanese dialects: rising, where the end of the sentence always rises; falling 1, where the end of the sentence always falls; falling 2, where the interrogative appears morphologically in the sentence, and the sentence falls; complement, where tone in the sentence falls if the interrogative morphologically appears and rises if it does not; and gradual rise, where the tone gradually rises until the end of the sentence. However, the Kunigami dialect does not adhere to these patterns. In Kunigami yes/no questions, the tone falls if an interrogative morphologically appears but reveals a distinctive intonation from a declarative sentence if it does not. Therefore, in the case of Kunigami, the interrogative intonation typology should not be reconstructed on the basis of absolute rise or fall but on the basis of contrast with a declarative sentence.

EXPRESSION OF INDUCEMENT IN KOREAN AND BULGARIAN

This article attempts to present some means of expressing inducement in Korean and Bulgarian and to suggest some features discovered in the translation corpus, composed of five original Korean novels and their translations in Bulgarian. Unlike imperative mood, which is a grammatically concretized notion of deontic modality, inducement is a complex unity formed by various elements such as morphological, syntactic and lexical elements. Therefore, it can be realized both directly and indirectly through the means, which express / do not express inducement in its own form. As for the direct way, Bulgarian has a synthetic and an analytic form. Korean has only a synthetic form, but it has six imperative endings, differing in terms of formality and politeness. Regarding the indirect way, some means like interrogative sentences with the verb in indicative mood and declarative sentences with modal verb are actively used in both languages, while others are used only in Bulgarian. For example, the use of a declarative sentence with a future tense verb in the indicative mood for the purpose of expressing inducement is clearly confirmed in Bulgarian, but in Korean this kind of sentence does not perform the same function at all. From the studied translation materials five main asymmetric features have been found – in the person of the addressee, the voice of the sentence, the way of expressing the inducement, the sentence structure and the way of strengthening the persistence.

Morphosyntactical Errors in Students' Recount Text

The aims of the study are to identify the morphosyntactical errors which occur in students’ recount text, to describe the most and least of morphosyntactical errors in students’ recount text and to explain the reason of morphosyntactical errors occurrence in students’ recount text by XI AK at SMK Kartika 1-3 Medan. The primary data are all word, phrases and sentences in students’ recount text in the 2020 period. The method used was the qualitative method. The result of the research identified types of morphosyntactical errors; noun morphology, verb morphology, adverb morphology, adjective morphology, noun phrase, verb phrase, word order and transformation. Based the theory used to identify the error is adapted by dulay surface taxonomy, which are; addition, ommission, misorder, and misformation. Misformation of verb morphology is the most frequent error made by the student around 45% of the total error came from this error and parameter. The second most frequently error are ommission of noun phrase with the total error sum up to 21%, misordering of noun morphology 13%, addition of verb 11%, addition of word order 8%, the last adverb and adjective morphology 1%. On the other hand, transformation parameters in all errors didn’t occur due to the monotonous of sentences used by student. Almost all the sentences are in the form of declarative sentence with a positive statement form. This research concludes that the student less of information about the use verb 2 in recount text, so they just write what they know and the student confused in used verb especially changed verb 1 into verb 2 in recount text. The reason behind this error is due to ‘Misconception’ of the student.

Implikatur Percakapan dalam Sinetron "Dunia Tebalik" Episode ke-2006-2007 di RCTI: Kajian Pragmatik

Artikel ini memiliki tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan : 1) sumber implikatur percakapan sinetron Dunia Terbalik episode 2006-2007 dan 2) bentuk implikatur percakapan pada jenis kalimat dalam tuturan sinetron Dunia Terbalik episode 2006-2007. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode simak, sedangkan teknik yang dipakai adalah teknik catat dalam pengumpulan data. Data diperoleh dari tuturan yang di dalamnya terkandung implikatur. Data-data yang didapat kemudian dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik dan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Metode penyajian menggunakan penyajian informal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di dalam sinetron Dunia Terbalik episode 2006-2007 ditemukan 7 implikatur percakapan, 1 bersumber pelanggaran bidal kuantitas, 1 bersumber dari pengambangan bidal relevansi, 2 bentuk implikatur pada kalimat deklaratif yang menyatakan penolakan dan protes, 1 bentuk implikatur pada kalimat interogatif yang menyatakan pengabaian, dan 2 bentuk implikatur pada kalimat imperatif yang menyatakan pengusiran secara halus dan ketidaksukaan. Dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan sumbangsih untuk pengembangan ilmu pragmatik dan referensi bagi penelitian sejenis.Katakunci: bentuk, implikatur, konteks, sinetron, sumber AbstractThis article has a purpose to describe: 1) the source of the implicature of the 2006-2007 episodes of Dunia Terbalik soap opera and 2) conversational implicatures of the sentence types in the 2006-2007 episodes of the sinetron. The method used observation method, while the technique used the note taking technique in collecting data. The data were obtained from utterances which contained implicatures. The data were analysed using a pragmatic and a qualitative descriptive approach. The method of result presentation used informal presentation. The results showed that in the Dunia Terbalik soap opera episode 2006-2007, it was found 7 conversational implicatures, 1 originating from violating maxim of the quantity, 1 originating from maxim of relevance, 2 implicatures in declarative sentence stating rejection and protest, 1 implicature in interrogative sentence which expressed abandonment, and 2 implicatures in imperative sentences which implied indirect expelling and dislike. This research is expected to contribute to the development of pragmatics and a reference for similar studyKeywords: form, implicature, context, soap operas, sources

Representing Knowledge

A speaker's use of a declarative sentence in a context has two effects: it expresses a proposition and represents the speaker as knowing that proposition. This article is about how to explain the second effect. The standard explanation is act-based. A speaker is represented as knowing because their use of a declarative in a context tokens the act-type of assertion and assertions represent knowledge in what's asserted. In this article, a semantic explanation is proposed according to which declaratives covertly host a know-parenthetical. A speaker is thereby represented as knowing the proposition expressed because that is the semantic contribution of the parenthetical. This view is called PARENTHETICALISM. The article contends that parentheticalism better explains knowledge representation than alternatives. As a consequence of outperforming assertoric explanations, parentheticalism opens the door to altogether eliminating the act-type of assertion from linguistic theorizing.

Against Declarativity

Historical discourse is a period phenomenon shaped by the rhetorical and genre understanding of the moment in which it became formalized and professionalized - that is, the second half of the nineteenth century. In the figurative arts, realist painting and its rival, photography, was dominant, and the literary form this notion of consciousness took was the realist novel. Literary realism devices replaced romantic literature devices, just as those latter devices had succeeded, but never replaced the eighteenth-century devices. Historical discourse and the very notion of proper history followed realism devices, mostly the single-lens photographic perspective, one viewer’s viewpoint. From a discourse perspective, this approach took the form of declarative, statement-making. Also, it is not to say that the declarative sentence which gives this term its name was rejected as the preferred way of making assertions about the world - far from it. Although a few self-conscious stylists (Derrida, for instance) work hard to avoid it, the declarative sentence is almost inevitable. Their readers work even harder. But just as narrativity encompasses a realm that extends far beyond narratives, so that narratives can proliferate in an environment that has, in a crucial sense, rejected grand narratives, so declarative statements will exist without entailing statement-making. The declarative act became the defining mark of professional history and remained its principal mode, just as it remains the predominant mode of literature and any number of other discourses. Indeed, this essay is written in the declarative rhetorical mode. However, literary modernism, philosophy, and a host of scientific developments have left this way of representing the world behind. Moreover, the same technological and intellectual changes that caused the modernist vision have, at the same time, created a different world to be depicted, a different sort of event to be represented historically. Not only the form but also the content have changed. The ethical and practical frustrations of representing such events have led to a theoretical challenge to the declarative form of knowing and to a challenge for the genre distinctions that constitute guild history: the idea of the past produced by academically professionalized individuals. For example, the difference between history and fiction - or rather, their respective relationship to truth and reality - has blurred. In contrast, history has adopted some of the modernist literature devices and the present’s practical demands.

Semiotic Meanings in Cigarette Advertisement Texts

Semiotic is the study of sign or the science that study about the sign in human beings. The objectives of this study were to investigate the semiotic meanings applied in cigarette advertisement, to analyze how the meanings were coded verbally and non-verbally, and to reason why it is used in the ways they are. The data for the study were clauses, phrases, and sentences drawn from selected billboard advertisement of cigarette in Medan. The verbal data analyzed with linguistic devises and textual analysis of Leech Theory and visual grammar of Kress and Van Leeuwen as theoretical framework. The result were two broad categorize of meaning. They were related to verbal and non-verbal aspects. The relation between the verbal and non-verbal expression were elaborate, manipulate, and exageratte, the advertisers make the major use of declarative sentence that are found on 11 texts. Then, by using 8 imperative and 8 adjective. Next, by using 6 disjunctive and 6 noun/pronoun. In image/picture use of visual features such as calor saturation, symbolic structure representation, offering gaze, the use of large size, logo, slogan. Various social context were discoverd in the advertisement such as promoting the standar of quality, quantity, creative, enjoying the life. The standard idea about how particular mode like young and old man should be differentiated based on the conventional values in society when it comes to what types of product that is competible to them. Cigarette advertisement also hide threats with persuasive expression and colorful meaning for commercial purposes.Keywords: Semiotics, Sign, Critical Discourse Analysis, Cigarette Advertisement.

Question formation strategies in Kunuz Nubian

This is an analytical and descriptive study that is based on a general theoretical framework which can be characterized as “basic linguistic theory”. It aims to study Kunuz Nubian interrogative pronouns and question markers. Previous studies failed to pay adequate attention to these features. It is an attempt to characterize the strategies used in question formation and to identify the question markers. I argue that the question markers in this Nubian dialect fall into three sets: (a) the set of question markers -yaa, -naa, and -waa are used with sentences (non-copular construction) involving the neural marker -r-. (b) the set of questions markers that are used if the neural marker –r- is in a copular construction: -yaa, -re, -waa. (c) another set of question markers are attached to a declarative sentence in which the verb or copular verb is accompanied with the past tense morpheme. The study has also provided a list of interrogative pronouns that can occur with or without the question markers. Moreover, it has been shown that both compound and complex sentences are turned into interrogatives via the same question strategies used in simple sentences.