Divergence and Curl of COVID19 Spreading in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan

This paper explores the COVID19 transmission pattern and circulation dynamics in the Euclidean space at the lower peninsula of Michigan by using the divergence and curl concept in vector field. The COVID19 transmission volume flux can be calculated for each county by using vector divergence. The results shows Wayne county had the highest divergence (162660), the Kent county had the second highest divergence (152540), and the Saginaw county had the third highest divergence (103240), the divergence is positive which means the COVID19 virus was transmitted from these counties to other places. The results also shows Monroe county had the lowest divergence (-187843), the Allegan county had the second lowest number in divergence (-90824), the divergence is negative which means the COVID19 virus was transmitted from other places to these counties. The circulation of the virus is also calculated by using vector curl. The positive curl means that the virus has circulated in a counter-clockwise direction, and the negative curl means the virus has circulated in a clockwise direction. The divergence is an operator of the COVID19 transmission vector field, which produces a scalar field giving the quantity of the transmission vector field’s source at each location. The COVID19 spreading volume density of the outward flux of transmission field is represented by divergence around a given location. The curl is an operator of the COVID19 transmission field, which describes the circulation of a transmission vector field. The curl at a location in COVID19 transmission field is represented by a vector whose length and direction denote the magnitude and axis of the maximum circulation. The curl of a transmission field is formally defined as the circulation density at each location of COVID19 transmission field.

Emirates Mars Mission Characterization of Mars Atmosphere Dynamics and Processes

The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) – Hope Probe – was developed to understand Mars atmospheric circulation, dynamics, and processes through characterization of the Mars atmosphere layers and its interconnections enabled by a unique high-altitude (19,970 km periapse and 42,650 km apoapse) low inclination orbit that will offer an unprecedented local and seasonal time coverage over most of the planet. EMM has three scientific objectives to (A) characterize the state of the Martian lower atmosphere on global scales and its geographic, diurnal and seasonal variability, (B) correlate rates of thermal and photochemical atmospheric escape with conditions in the collisional Martian atmosphere, and (C) characterize the spatial structure and variability of key constituents in the Martian exosphere. The EMM data products include a variety of spectral and imaging data from three scientific instruments measuring Mars at visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths and contemporaneously and globally sampled on both diurnal and seasonal timescale. Here, we describe our strategies for addressing each objective with these data in addition to the complementary science data, tools, and physical models that will facilitate our understanding. The results will also fill a unique role by providing diagnostics of the physical processes driving atmospheric structure and dynamics, the connections between the lower and upper atmospheres, and the influences of these on atmospheric escape.

Learning a weather dictionary of atmospheric patterns using Latent Dirichlet Allocation

Mid-latitude circulation dynamics is often described in terms of weather regimes, represented by atmospheric field configurations extracted using pattern recognition techniques. Each pattern is given by a given combination of distinct elements, corresponding to synoptic objects (cyclones and anticyclones). Such intrication makes it arduous to detect or quantify shifts in atmospheric circulation - possibly due to anthropogenic forcings - impacting recurrence and intensity of climate extremes. Here we apply Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), typically used for topic modeling in linguistic studies, to build a weather dictionary: in analogy with linguistics, we define daily maps of a gridded target observable as documents, and the grid-points composing the map as words. LDA provides a representation of documents in terms of a combination of spatial patterns named motifs, which are latent patterns inferred from the set of snapshots. For atmospheric data, we find that motifs correspond to pure synoptic objects (cyclones and anticyclones), that can be seen as building blocks of weather regimes. We show that LDA weights provide a natural way to characterize the impact of climate change on the recurrence of regimes associated with extreme events.

Climate Patterns in the World’s Longest History of Storm-Erosivity: The Arno River Basin, Italy, 1000–2019 CE

Rainfall erosivity causes considerable environmental damage by driving soil loss. However, the long-term evolution of erosive forcing (over centennial to millennial time-scales) remains essentially unknown. Using a rainfall erosivity model (REMARB), this study simulates the variability of rainfall erosivity in Arno River Basin (ARB), Italy, a Mediterranean fluvial basin, for the period 1000–2019 CE resulting in the world’s longest time-series of erosivity. The annual estimates show a noticeable and increasing variability of rainfall erosivity during the Little Ice Age (∼1250–1849), especially after c. 1490, until the end of 18th century. During this cold period, erosive forcing reached ∼1600 MJ mm hm−2 h−1 yr−1 once every four years, and ∼3000 MJ mm hm−2 h−1 yr−1 once every 20 years. The extremes of rainfall erosivity (the 98th percentile) followed a similar increasing trend, with an acceleration of the hydrological hazard (erosivity per unit of rainfall) during the 20th century. The comparison of REMARB output with the sediment yield of the basin (1951–2010) confirmed the model’s ability to predict geomorphological effects in the ARB. Thus, our methodology could be applied to simulate erosivity in environmentally similar basins. A relationship has been identified between the Atlantic Multidecadal Variation and erosivity patterns, suggesting a role of North Atlantic circulation dynamics on the hydrology of central Italy’s fluvial basins.

Progress of Studies on Circulation Dynamics in the East China Sea: The Kuroshio Exchanges With the Shelf Currents

This paper reviews recent advances in the circulation dynamics of the Kuroshio and its interaction with shelf currents in the East China Sea (ECS). The annually averaged Kuroshio volume transport varies between 19 and 24 Sv, based on different observations, but there is no consensus on which season its volume transport peaks. The Kuroshio is intensified over the central slope of the ECS from that off the northeast of Taiwan. The total Kuroshio intrusion into the ECS shelf is estimated to be 1.3–1.4 Sv, deduced from the observed volume transport of exchange flow in the Taiwan and Tsushima Straits, based on the assumption of volume conversation over the shelf. However, the uncertainty regarding this estimation remains due to the absence of sufficient observations and understanding of the Kuroshio dynamics. The Kuroshio intrusions over the shelf off the northeast of Taiwan and southwest of Kyushu are stimulated by planetary or topographic β -effect associated with the alongshore variations in the ECS slope topography and altered by variations in the Kuroshio intensity, shear stress, and baroclinicity. Multilayered exchanges between the Kuroshio and shelf currents were found between 100- and 200-m isobaths along the central ECS slope. The spatial variations in these exchanges are governed by cross-isobath transport by geostrophy, whereas bottom Ekman transport may play a predominant role in altering the integrated exchange flow along the slope. Although the intrusion is greatly modulated along the path of the Kuroshio in the ECS by variable slope topography, there are few observations on the spatial variations of these exchange flows. The characteristics and variations in the circulation and hydrographic properties of waters between 100- and 200-m isobaths significantly determine the general ECS circulation, about which consensus has still not been attained.

The Inner-Shelf Dynamics Experiment

The inner shelf, the transition zone between the surf zone and the mid shelf, is a dynamically complex region with the evolution of circulation and stratification driven by multiple physical processes. Cross-shelf exchange through the inner shelf has important implications for coastal water quality, ecological connectivity, and lateral movement of sediment and heat. The Inner-Shelf Dynamics Experiment (ISDE) was an intensive, coordinated, multi-institution field experiment from Sep.-Oct. 2017, conducted from the mid shelf, through the inner shelf and into the surf zone near Point Sal, CA. Satellite, airborne, shore- and ship-based remote sensing, in-water moorings and ship-based sampling, and numerical ocean circulation models forced by winds, waves and tides were used to investigate the dynamics governing the circulation and transport in the inner shelf and the role of coastline variability on regional circulation dynamics. Here, the following physical processes are highlighted: internal wave dynamics from the mid shelf to the inner shelf; flow separation and eddy shedding off Point Sal; offshore ejection of surfzone waters from rip currents; and wind-driven subtidal circulation dynamics. The extensive dataset from ISDE allows for unprecedented investigations into the role of physical processes in creating spatial heterogeneity, and nonlinear interactions between various inner-shelf physical processes. Overall, the highly spatially and temporally resolved oceanographic measurements and numerical simulations of ISDE provide a central framework for studies exploring this complex and fascinating region of the ocean.

Hepatic Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Detected in the Fetal Period That Caused an Oncologic Emergency

A huge abdominal cystic lesion with ascites was detected in a male neonate at 31 weeks of gestation. Increasing ascites and the appearance of subcutaneous edema were detected, which caused fetal hydrops. The patient was delivered by emergency cesarean section at 33 weeks of gestation. The birth weight was 2,407 g, and the Apgar score was 8/9 points (1-/5-min values). Breathing at birth was stable, but the patient presented with remarkable abdominal distention due to the ascites. Later, the patient presented with tachypnea, and breathing gradually worsened, so an emergency operation was performed. There were no intraoperative findings within the small intestine, but there was a large amount of ascites and a cystic mass arising from the liver. The patient’s breathing and circulation dynamics could only be stabilized by ascites removal, so only a tumor biopsy was performed. The pathological findings led to the diagnosis of an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, and steroids were administered early after surgery for the purpose of an anti-inflammatory effect and tumor shrinkage. The abdominal distention was alleviated, and blood examinations showed a reduced inflammatory response. There was no apparent shrinkage of the tumor, however; thus, radical surgical treatment was performed on day 24. The postoperative course was uneventful, so the patient was discharged on day 36. Seven years after the operation there has been no recurrence or distant metastasis.