Counter memorials and counter monuments in Australia’s commemorative landscape: A systematic literature review

Over the course of the last four decades there has been a growing interest in the development and impact of counter memorials and counter monuments. While counter memorial and monument practices have been explored in Europe and the United States, relatively little research has been conducted in the Australian context. This systematic literature review examines the current state of scholarship by exploring what form counter monuments and memorials have taken and what events they have focussed on. A total of 134 studies met the selection criteria and were included in the final review. The major factors identified that have impacted on the development of the counter memorial and monument genre in Australia are international and domestic influences, historical, political and social-cultural events in Australia, the socio-political agenda of various individuals or organisations, and the aesthetics of the counter memorials and monuments themselves. The review found that Australia has a diverse and active counter memorial and monument genre, with commemorative practices honouring Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, women, victims of human made and natural disasters, the experiences of asylum seekers, and the histories and experiences of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer communities.

Central and Eastern European Countries

This chapter discusses welfare state developments in eleven countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) that have joined the European Union since 2004. It addresses historical, socioeconomic, and political contexts, with reference to theoretical questions involving typologies, clustering, and patterns of convergence in social policies. It analyses diversity in welfare provision that we can observe not only within the region, but also in Europe as a whole. It also explores different social policy programmes and benefits, contrasting international and domestic influences that have become relevant especially since the Great Recession of 2008. These influences include continuing pressures of EU integration and countervailing domestic trends of rising nationalism, populism, and Euro-scepticism within CEE states, especially in Hungary and Poland. The chapter discusses four main areas of CEE welfare from 2008 until 2020: family policy, health care, employment and labour markets, and social security (pensions) and social assistance. It illustrates region-wide and subregional trends and commonalities, as well as divergence across individual welfare states. At least in Poland and Hungary, conservative, family-orientated ideas that are often promoted as an ‘antidote’ to more liberal European norms seem to have driven policy reforms more than any other factor. Nationalist and populist leaders have expanded many welfare programmes, but their rhetoric could not hide the high levels of inequality in income, health, housing, and many other areas that persist and have not been adequately addressed by social policy in CEE states.

Issues of Religious Fundamentalism and Radicalization in Georgia

The paper Issues of Religious Fundamentalism and Radicalization in Georgia refers to the proper study and analysis of the political, economic, cultural factors, external and domestic influences in the region. It focuses on the vulnerabilities of certain sections of the population living in the region, their views and attitudes. To what extent is it possible to incite religious fundamentalism and radicalism in the population of the region and what part of the target group can resort to extremism. The study emphasizes the importance of external forces and factors in shaping the mood of the popula-tion. It also answers the question of whether it is possible for an interested party to influence and manipulate the target group. The paper Issues of Religious Fundamentalism and Radicalization in Georgia refers to the proper study and analysis of the political, economic, cultural factors, external and domestic influences in the region. It focuses on the vulnerabilities of certain sections of the population living in the region, their views and attitudes. To what extent is it possible to incite religious fundamentalism and radicalism in the population of the region and what part of the target group can resort to extremism. The study emphasizes the importance of external forces and factors in shaping the mood of the population. It also answers the question of whether it is possible for an interested party to influence and manipulate the target group.

Building an integrated history of musical numbers in Brazilian chanchadas

This article discusses industrial and aesthetical aspects of the musical numbers in 1950s Brazilian chanchadas. The chanchadas were a body of films made between the 1930s and 60s, that combined a mixed style derived from domestic influences of radio and popular music routines and from local forms of comic theatrical revues. I propose an examination of the entertainment industry’s influence on the musical numbers chosen for these 1950s chanchadas. This intermedial approach is based on the strong links between cinema and other cultural practices. I will argue the need to take into account not only theatrical practices, but also the routines of carnival culture, as well as the music industry and radio performances, in order to reconsider longstanding historical accounts based on the specificity of film media.

The Political and Professional Economies of US Global Corporate Criminal Enforcement

This chapter seeks to explain to a mostly international and non-legal audience what drives and shapes the practices of prosecutors in their enforcement of US criminal law against corporations and their agents for conduct outside the United States. This explanation must begin with US law, which has jurisdictional and other features that afford American prosecutors unparalleled leeway and reach. Much more of the explanation for enforcement behaviors, however, lies in the political and professional economies that determine the incentives and choices of the US Department of Justice and its individual prosecutors. This explanation requires an understanding of the domestic political economy of criminal enforcement within the United States and the distinctive structure and culture of the American bar. Beyond this descriptive work, the chapter considers what might lie ahead as present US prosecutorial practices, which have been driven mostly by domestic influences, increasingly run into, or are pursued by, the prosecutorial practices of other nations, as well as attitudes toward prosecution in those nations.

Contexts in Asia

This chapter studies the Asian legal context. There is no single uniform context in the Asian region. Its cultural, religious, historical, and political systems are too diverse, as are the foreign and domestic influences on legal systems in the region. Nevertheless, it is possible to single out individual legal systems and groups of systems in Asia which are clearly distinguishable in their respective contexts, but which cumulatively open up the legal world that is Asia and can thus serve as a blueprint for understanding all Asian legal systems. The chapter specifically looks at the People's Republic of China and the free-market democracies in Southeast Asia. India could be regarded largely as a common law country, the chapter states. Finally, the chapter argues that Indonesia is the world's fourth largest country by population, with a culturally mixed population, a civil law influenced state legal system, a system of indigenous customary law which partially survives, and considerable Islamic influence.

Integracja polityczna Polaków na emigracji. Polonia w Austrii – studium przypadku

The main purpose of the survey discussed in this paper is to answer the question of which factors describe the status of political integration of Poles in Austria. Political integration concerns the phenomenon of joining the political life of a given political system and, to some extent, also its results. For the purpose of this study the notion of political integration is to stand for the involvement of the ‘visiting’ citizens in the political life of the ‘host’ state, in particular political participation, taking the form of public activity and voting in elections. The survey adopts a general theoretical model where the state of integration of Poles in Austria is comprehended in terms of a three-element political culture (comprising cognitive, emotional-and-assessing, and behavioral elements). It undergoes external influences, related to the period spent living abroad, and domestic influences of social identity (approached functionally). Additionally, the model assumes that these factors can be internally related. The empirical aspect of the analysis is based on the authors’ own survey carried out using a questionnaire, psychological scale and focus group interview of a sample of Polish émigrés in Austria.