Capítulo 2. Las Políticas públicas de comunicación y los Indicadores de Rentabilidad Social en la Radio Comercial

Se abordan desde este capítulo las dificultades detectadas en la aplicación del IRSCOM ante la opacidad empresarial de las radios comerciales. El derecho del oyente a saber quién informa no impide el libre ejercicio de la libertad de expresión, en todo caso lo fortalece. La posición dominante de tres grupos y la concentración de licencias en su día otorgadas en concursos y hoy objeto de negocio jurídico, marcan una tendencia peligrosa donde el éxito de las marcas y su seguimiento en audiencia no justifican la pseudoprivatización del espacio radioeléctrico y el abandono de las coberturas locales y autonómicas. La aplicación del indicador de referencia viene a mostrar una vez más que la transparencia empresarial es una asignatura pendiente. La exigencia de transparencia no sorprende cuando se pide a instancias públicas, pero provoca protestas cuando se exige a quienes ocupan un dominio público y tienen responsabilidades en la formación de la opinión pública. El análisis del comportamiento de cadenas refleja el abandono de sus obligaciones con los contenidos de proximidad y la flexibilización normativa que hace posible esta grave anomalía. Lógicamente el incumplimiento legal no existe cuando la transparencia no ha sido correctamente regulada, o cuando aun estándolo son superadas por la falta de control. Sin embargo; la ética, no entiende de estos oportunismos legales. Palabras clave: IRSCOM; políticas públicas de comunicación; indicadores rentabilidad social; radio comercial; radio local; radio comercial privada; rentabilidad.

Evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation level in the Outdoor from Wireless Transmission Systems in Northern West Bank – Palestine

Exposure to electromagnetic fields is a major public concern due to the possible hazardous effects on health caused by exposure to these radiations. The aims of this study were to measure radiofrequency radiation levels from different wireless systems and to compare the results with the recommended limits by the World Health Organization (WHO) which should be less that 450 µw/cm2. The study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in different cities and villages from the northern governorates in the West Bank; Jenin, Tulkarm, Nablus, Qalqilya, Tubas and Salfit. To measure the radiation levels ranging from 80 MHz to 2 GHz, a Portable Field Strength Meter with the suitable set of antennas was used. This frequency range covers the radiations from different sources as mobile phone base stations, local radio and television stations, mobile phones, Wireless Local Area Network, Bluetooth, wireless computer periphery and even microwave ovens. Points close to mobile phone base stations and local radio and television stations in addition to randomly selected points were included. The scanning process for each point was done twice and the higher reading was included in the analysis. The results were compared to the recommended limits of radiations by WHO. Also, a questionnaire was distributed to evaluate people knowledge and perception regarding radiations. A total of 2000 readings were obtained with a mean ± SD = 0.25 ± 0.214 µw/cm2. The highest reading was 1.91 µw/cm2. All the readings were below the limits of radiations recommended by the WHO. Most of the readings in the tested area 1184 (59.2%) were between 0.1 -0.45 µw/cm2 which are 1000- 4500 time less than the maximum allowed level (450 µw/cm2), 527 (26.35%) readings were <0.1 µw/cm2, 271 (13.55%) reading were between 0.45-1 µw/cm2 and the rest 17 (0.85%) were >1 µw/cm2 which were still 236-450 times less than the allowed WHO level. Regarding the questionnaire part, most of the participants use mobile phones frequently, they think radiations are dangerous and can cause cancer, they prefer not to have mobile base stations close to their living places. In this study, a scanning for all electromagnetic radiation sources caused by different sources of wireless communication systems showed theoretically no dangerous radiation levels and all the recorded levels were much lower than the recommended levels by the WHO. Most people feel afraid from radiations and think they are dangerous.

Evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation level in the Outdoor from Wireless Transmission Systems in Northern West Bank – Palestine

Exposure to electromagnetic fields is a major public concern due to the possible hazardous effects on health caused by exposure to these radiations. The aims of this study were to measure radiofrequency radiation levels from different wireless systems and to compare the results with the recommended limits by the World Health Organization (WHO) which should be less that 450 µw/cm2. The study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in different cities and villages from the northern governorates in the West Bank; Jenin, Tulkarm, Nablus, Qalqilya, Tubas and Salfit. To measure the radiation levels ranging from 80 MHz to 2 GHz, a Portable Field Strength Meter with the suitable set of antennas was used. This frequency range covers the radiations from different sources as mobile phone base stations, local radio and television stations, mobile phones, Wireless Local Area Network, Bluetooth, wireless computer periphery and even microwave ovens. Points close to mobile phone base stations and local radio and television stations in addition to randomly selected points were included. The scanning process for each point was done twice and the higher reading was included in the analysis. The results were compared to the recommended limits of radiations by WHO. Also, a questionnaire was distributed to evaluate people knowledge and perception regarding radiations. A total of 2000 readings were obtained with a mean ± SD = 0.25 ± 0.214 µw/cm2. The highest reading was 1.91 µw/cm2. All the readings were below the limits of radiations recommended by the WHO. Most of the readings in the tested area 1184 (59.2%) were between 0.1 -0.45 µw/cm2 which are 1000- 4500 time less than the maximum allowed level (450 µw/cm2), 527 (26.35%) readings were <0.1 µw/cm2, 271 (13.55%) reading were between 0.45-1 µw/cm2 and the rest 17 (0.85%) were >1 µw/cm2 which were still 236-450 times less than the allowed WHO level. Regarding the questionnaire part, most of the participants use mobile phones frequently, they think radiations are dangerous and can cause cancer, they prefer not to have mobile base stations close to their living places. In this study, a scanning for all electromagnetic radiation sources caused by different sources of wireless communication systems showed theoretically no dangerous radiation levels and all the recorded levels were much lower than the recommended levels by the WHO. Most people feel afraid from radiations and think they are dangerous.

Peningkatan Time Management Skills Masyarakat Kota Padangsidimpuan di Masa Pandemi COVID-19

Fenomena yang dihadapi oleh semua orang di masa pandemi COVID-19 ini adalah kesulitan mengelola waktu dengan benar sehingga tujuan yang diharapkan dapat tercapai. Padahal hal tersebut merupakan sebuah keahlian (skill) yang menjadi mutlak diperlukan terkait keberhasilan meraih tujuan. Oleh karena itu, dalam Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) ini, upaya peningkatan time management skills di masa pandemi COVID-19 saya lakukan agar dapat memberikan pemahaman dan praktik dalam mengatur waktu dengan benar. Manfaatnya diharapkan dapat diterapkan secara langsung dalam kehidupan sehari-hari baik dalam kondisi pandemi COVID-19 maupun tidak. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan ini terdiri dari 2 tahapan yaitu: penyusunan materi dan penyampaian melalui siaran radio setempat yaitu: RAU di 105 FM Kota Padangsidimpuan. Materi disusun dengan mengikuti rundown acara talkshow di RAU FM sehingga mudah dipahami dan dipraktikkan dengan berbagai tips dan berbagi pengalaman. Harapannya, seluruh pendengar yaitu masyarakat Kota Padangsidimpuan dapat memahami apa itu time management dan bagaimana mengatur waktu dengan sebaik-baiknya sehingga tujuan setiap orang dapat tercapai. Time management skills dapat berkontribusi secara nyata dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Abstract: The phenomenon faced by everyone during the COVID-19 pandemic is the difficulty of managing time properly so that the expected goals can be achieved. Even though this is a skill that is absolutely necessary in relation to the success of achieving goals. Therefore, in this Community Service (PKM), I made efforts to increase time management skills during the COVID-19 pandemic so that I could provide understanding and practice in managing time properly. It is hoped that the benefits can be applied directly in everyday life both in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic or not. The method of implementing this activity consists of 2 stages, namely: preparation of material and delivery through local radio broadcasts, namely: RAU at 105 FM Padangsidimpuan City. The material was prepared by following the rundown of the talk show at RAU FM so that it is easy to understand and practice with various tips and sharing experiences. The hope is that all listeners, namely the community of Padangsidimpuan City, can understand what time management is and how to manage time properly so that everyone's goals can be achieved. Time management skills can contribute significantly in everyday life.

The GLEAM 200-MHz local radio luminosity function for AGN and star-forming galaxies

The GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky Murchison Widefield Array (GLEAM) is a radio continuum survey at 76–227 MHz of the entire southern sky (Declination $<\!{+}30^{\circ}$ ) with an angular resolution of ${\approx}2$ arcmin. In this paper, we combine GLEAM data with optical spectroscopy from the 6dF Galaxy Survey to construct a sample of 1 590 local (median $z \approx 0.064$ ) radio sources with $S_{200\,\mathrm{MHz}} > 55$ mJy across an area of ${\approx}16\,700\,\mathrm{deg}^{2}$ . From the optical spectra, we identify the dominant physical process responsible for the radio emission from each galaxy: 73% are fuelled by an active galactic nucleus (AGN) and 27% by star formation. We present the local radio luminosity function for AGN and star-forming (SF) galaxies at 200 MHz and characterise the typical radio spectra of these two populations between 76 MHz and ${\sim}1$ GHz. For the AGN, the median spectral index between 200 MHz and ${\sim}1$ GHz, $\alpha_{\mathrm{high}}$ , is $-0.600 \pm 0.010$ (where $S \propto \nu^{\alpha}$ ) and the median spectral index within the GLEAM band, $\alpha_{\mathrm{low}}$ , is $-0.704 \pm 0.011$ . For the SF galaxies, the median value of $\alpha_{\mathrm{high}}$ is $-0.650 \pm 0.010$ and the median value of $\alpha_{\mathrm{low}}$ is $-0.596 \pm 0.015$ . Among the AGN population, flat-spectrum sources are more common at lower radio luminosity, suggesting the existence of a significant population of weak radio AGN that remain core-dominated even at low frequencies. However, around 4% of local radio AGN have ultra-steep radio spectra at low frequencies ( $\alpha_{\mathrm{low}} < -1.2$ ). These ultra-steep-spectrum sources span a wide range in radio luminosity, and further work is needed to clarify their nature.

REGION, RELIGION AND POLITICS PRESENTED ON RADIO BY PROFESSOR MANDICA MANJA KOVAČEVIĆ, PH.D.

Doctor Mandica Manja Kovačević (1929–2011) was a professor at several Croatian teacher training colleges (Čakovec, Kutina, and Gospić) and the author of three books and some 60 papers in various journals. She moderated a weekly ten-minute program for the local radio station in Gospić in the first decade of the 21st century. Thus, more than 300 radio contributions were produced, of which seventy were published in the book “Life on the Highest Wave” (Gospić, 2010). By researching and presenting phonographic recordings not included in the aforementioned book, this paper focused on the topics dealing with the affairs from the Croatian society in the first decade of the 21 century serving as an original sample by means of which Professor Kovačević had presented her personal views and attitudes resulting from life experience and local and traditional expectations. Professor Kovečević’s original reviews have attracted the attention of a large number of listeners because they have been able to find answers to questions that are usually contemplated by a contemporary man torn apart between existential challenges and spiritual search.

Development of Radio Broadcasting in the Penza Region in the Late 1940s — Early 1950s.

The paper considers the development of broadcasting in the Penza region in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Emphasizes that this period is characterized by active and widespread broadcasting across the country and on the territory of the studied region. Radio infection affected not only regional settlements and working centers of the region, but also remote collective farms. The leader in the development of local radio broadcasting was Kameshkir district, which had its own Studio. It is noted that the radio broadcasting of the Penza region was under strict control of the party and Soviet bodies. For each program, a mandatory verification procedure was introduced, and thematic plans of programs were sent to the places. The quality of local programs directly depended on the level of professional training of editorial staff. The most interesting and operative in content were the programs of the Penza, Kuznetsk and Kamenskaya editions, which actively attracted local party, Komsomol and Soviet workers, leading figures in industry and agriculture, propagandists and agitators to the speeches. Radio broadcasting in the Penza region in the 1940s and early 1950s was actively developed and had a strong propaganda orientation, which was reflected in the subject matter and the quantitative ratio of radio broadcasts.