criminal proceedings, minor, suspect, accused, legal status, preventive measures, measures of restraint not related to isolation from society

The relevance of the topic is determined by the importance of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a minor who is a participant in criminal proceedings as a suspect or accused. It is generally recognized that the value of the legal system is determined, inter alia, by the legislator’s attention to these intangible benefits of minors, to the legal norms on the basis of which the protection of these persons in criminal proceedings is ensured. The purpose of the article is to identify the legal features and problems in the field of legal regulation of preventive measures chosen in Russia by underage suspects (accused), which do not contribute to isolation from society. Preventive measures that are not related to the isolation from societyof a juvenile prosecuted by justice become an object of the article. The problems identified in the designated area of legal regulation and the ways of their optimal solution corresponding to these problemsare considered as the subject of the article. The article reflects the issues of the concept, the legal nature (essence) of the measures of restraint chosen in relation to juvenile suspects (accused), not related to isolation and a system of such measures. It is noted that the Russian legislator, paying attention to the rights and legitimate interests of this category of persons, in standards regulating preventive measures, does not take into account the peculiarities of the legal status of a minor suspect and accused, the specifics of the application of preventive measures, as well as the aspects of the impact of isolation (not isolation) from society on psycho-physical condition of these persons.The novelty is defined by thesubstantiation that the humanistic principles of international law and Russian legislation should be reflected in preventive measures for minors with the priority of measures that prevent isolation from society, and, accordingly, from the family, where the formation of the moral aspects of the individual, traditions and universal values take place. As a result, the author proposes the author’s definition of the legal category “measures of restraint chosen by minors, not related to isolation from society”, reflects the legal peculiarities of preventive measures chosen against juvenile suspects or accused, substantiates the need to amend Art. 423 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.

Lawyers and children: Is there a need for mandatory legal assistance in suspect interviews?

In 2016, Belgium introduced legislation mandating legal assistance for juvenile suspects. However, legal assistance can only serve as an effective procedural safeguard if it is provided appropriately. The current study examined how lawyers in Belgium fulfil this role in practice. Seventeen video-recorded police interviews of juvenile suspects were observed. The juveniles were aged between 12 and 17 years, and were suspected of various less serious, volume crimes. The findings of this study show that the ‘law in action’ does not always reflect the ‘law in the books’. The mere presence of a lawyer is insufficient: it is necessary for them to actively engage. Although police interviewers typically adopt an information-gathering approach, some interviews do require the lawyer’s intervention to protect the juvenile’s interests. Moreover, lawyers often restrict themselves to ‘legal’ assistance and offer limited (emotional) support. Because there is no ‘appropriate adult’ regime in Belgium, lawyers could take up this double role. The information-gathering approach also seems to enhance cooperation between lawyer and interviewer, resulting in a joint search for the truth in which neither adopts an antagonistic role when interviews are conducted properly.

APPLICATION OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST A MINOR SUSPECT OR ACCUSED DURING THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

The article considers the grounds and conditions for making a decision on applying a preventive measure against a minor, and defines the grounds for choosing a specific preventive measure. The problems that arise in connection with the need to apply a preventive measure against a minor are highlighted. Conclusions are formulated on the settlement of problems that arise when solving questions about the application of a preventive measure against a minor suspect or accused, and the optimal solution is proposed. It is indicated that it is unacceptable to apply preventive measures in certain cases against juvenile suspects and accused persons in connection with the need to protect their rights and legitimate interests. The grounds and conditions for applying certain preventive measures against juvenile suspects accused during the preliminary investigation are determined, and the expediency of refusing to apply them is justified.

ADDITIONAL GUARANTEES OF DEFENSE OF RIGHTS AND LEGITIMATE INTERESTS OF JUVENILE SUSPECTS, ACCUSED ON THE STAGE OF THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

The article analyzes the provisions of the criminal procedure law to implement supplementary guaran-tees to defend the rights and legitimate interests of juvenile suspects, accused on the stage of preliminary inves-tigation. Based on the analysis of law enforcement practice, the authors propose changes to certain provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation

PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSPECTS, ACCUSED AND CONVICTED MINORS IN PRE-TRIAL DETENTION

В статье рассмотрены психологические основы пребывания несовершеннолетних в условиях следственного изолятора и специфика их личностных изменений. Проанализированы данные отечественных и зарубежных авторов по исследованию личности несовершеннолетних подозреваемых, обвиняемых и осужденных. Обоснована актуальность проблемы, связанная с важностью своевременного изучения личностных особенностей несовершеннолетних, находящихся в условиях следственного изолятора. С целью изучения личностных особенностей несовершеннолетних описаны результаты исследования уголовно-правовых, социально-демографических, медицинских, индивидуально-психологических особенностей подозреваемых, обвиняемых и осужденных, содержащихся в условиях следственного изолятора. Анализ уголовно-правовых особенностей позволил установить, что большинство несовершеннолетних, находящихся в условиях следственного изолятора, совершили преступления против жизни и здоровья, половой неприкосновенности и половой свободы личности. Изучение социально-демографических особенностей несовершеннолетних подозреваемых, обвиняемых и осужденных показало, что их воспитание осуществлялось преимущественно в условиях неполной семьи. Исследование медицинских особенностей позволило установить, что 22 % подростков состоят на учете психиатра или нарколога, большинство несовершеннолетних до попадания в места лишения свободы употребляли наркотики, злоупотребляли спиртными напитками и курили. Диагностика индивидуально-психологических особенностей выявила, что большинству несовершеннолетних присуще демонстративное поведение, бесцеремонность, эгоцентризм, пренебрежение моральными и этическими ценностями, агрессивные реакции, эмоциональная незрелость, конфликтность, высокое самомнение, отсутствие чувства вины, принятие криминальной субкультуры и поддержание ряда традиций, периодическое нарушение режима содержания. Полученные результаты имеют практическое значение для психологических служб уголовно-исполнительной системы РФ и могут быть использованы для повышения эффективности психологического сопровождения несовершеннолетних, находящихся в условиях следственного изолятора. The article deals with the psychological basis of minors ' stay in a pre-trial detention facility and the specifics of their personal changes. The data of domestic and foreign authors on the study of the identity of juvenile suspects, accused and convicted persons are analyzed. The article substantiates the relevance of the problem related to the importance of timely study of the personal characteristics of minors in pre-trial detention. In order to study the personal characteristics of minors, the results of the study of criminal law, socio-demographic, medical, and individual psychological characteristics are described. features of suspects, accused and convicted persons held in a pre-trial detention facility. The analysis of criminal-legal features allowed to establish that the majority of minors who are in conditions of pre-trial detention, committed crimes against life and health, sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the person. The study of socio-demographic characteristics of juvenile suspects, accused and convicted persons showed that their upbringing was carried out mainly in conditions of incomplete family. The study of medical features allowed us to establish that 22 % of teenagers are registered as a psychiatrist or a narcologist, most of the minors used drugs, abused alcohol and smoked before they were sent to prison. Diagnostics of individual psychological characteristics revealed that the majority of minors are characterized by demonstrative behavior, arrogance, egocentrism, disregard for moral and ethical values, aggressive reactions, emotional immaturity, conflict, high self-esteem, lack of guilt, acceptance of criminal subculture and maintenance of a number of traditions, periodic violation of the detention regime. The results obtained are of practical importance for the psychological services of the criminal Executive system of the Russian Federation and can be used to improve the effectiveness of psychological support for minors in pre-trial detention.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL CAPACITY OF JUVENILE SUSPECTS AND ACCUSED

The article deals with the issue of criminal procedural capacity of juvenile suspects, accused. The conclusion is made about the expediency of introducing into the scientific circulation the concepts of “criminal procedure capacity”, “partial criminal procedure capacity”. Based on the study of doctrinal sources, law enforcement practice, the authors come to the conclusion that at the legislative level it is necessary to provide for the termination of the powers of such participants in the criminal process as a legal representative, teacher (psychologist), if the suspect or accused person is under 18 years old. A draft amendment to Part 3 of Art. 420 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation.