Condition after Thrombosis of the Cavernous Sinus, Complicated by Osteomyelitis of the Upper Jaw after a Coronavirus Infection in a Patient With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

One of the most global health problems today is the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic and its numerous complications. COVID-19 was first reported in China in the city of Wuhan in December 2019. It was found that coronavirus infection leads to microvascular and macrovascular complications throughout the body. Recent data indicate a strong link between severe clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and an increased risk of thromboembolism. It is associated with several risk factors such as systemic hyperinflammation caused by coronavirus infection, hypoxia, and comorbidities. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying coagulopathy associated with COVID-19 include diffuse damage to endothelial cells, abnormal blood flow dynamics, and uncontrolled platelet activation. Studying the situation during the COVID-19 pandemic, we can notice that patients develop various complications during or after COVID-19. This article describes a clinical case of a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus who has developed cavernous sinus thrombosis complicated by osteomyelitis of the upper jaw after COVID-19 infection.

BIOBASED NANOEMULSION FOR BLOCKING COVID-19 FROM ACCELERATING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

An effective therapeutic strategy to delay dementia could be based upon nanotargeting drug(s), using lipid nanocarriers (<i>i.e.</i>, biobased nanoemulsion technology), toward a major serum amyloid A (SAA) receptor responsible for certain proinflammatory, SAA-mediated, cell signaling events. For example, other investigators have already confirmed that SR-BI receptors (or its human ortholog CLA-1) function as proinflammatory cell-surface SAA receptors, and additionally report that various ligands for CLA-1/SR-BI "efficiently compete" with SAA for CLA-1/SR-BI binding. A similar benefit (of "competitive binding") may well accompany the clinical intravenous use of the ("HDL-like") lipid nanocarriers (<i>i.e.</i>, biobased nanoemulsion [see above]), which have already been repeatedly described in the peer-reviewed literature as a targeted (and SR-BI mediated) drug-delivery agent. To conclude, the above-proposed "competitive binding", between SAA and such biobased nanoemulsion(s), could assist/enhance the protective (ordinarily anti-inflammatory) role of HDL - as well as provide targeted drug-delivery to the (human) brain cells bearing CLA-1/SR-BI receptors. The first resulting advantage is that this (intravenous) colloidal-nanocarrier therapeutic makes it possible for various cell types, all potentially implicated in Alzheimer's disease and/or (late-onset) dementia, to be simultaneously sought out and better reached for localized drug treatment of brain tissue <i>in vivo</i>. A second major advantage is that this therapeutic-target approach has particular relevance to the current COVID-19 human pandemic; namely, immune response and excessive inflammation in COVID-19 infection may accelerate the progression of brain inflammatory neurodegeneration which, if effectively halted, might play a major role in reducing Alzheimer's disease pathology.

On the Possibility of Using Ozone in the Treatment of COVID-19

The review highlights the prospects of using ozone therapy in COVID-19, which is currently widely used for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. The therapeutic efficacy of ozone therapy is based on moderate and regulated oxidative stress caused by these reactions with various biological components, as well as on its antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. Ozone has certain biological properties that suggest a possible positive role in the treatment of COVID-19. The mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of ozone therapy have been proven in other viral infections and have been shown to be very suitable for combating the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The high oxidative potential of ozone provides bactericidal, fungicidal and viricidal effects against the most important types of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi and protozoa. In addition, ozone increases the return of oxygen to insufficiently supplied tissues, promotes the reduction of hemoglobin, improves tissue respiration and normalizes the rheological properties of the blood. The immunomodulatory effect of ozone is based on its ability to activate phagocytosis due to the formation of peroxides and stimulation of cytokine production by lymphocytes and monocytes. Modification of the membranes of the blood cells and the ultrastructural organization of the vasculature together with a decrease in blood viscosity lead to an improvement in microcirculation and gas exchange at the tissue level. Thus, perhaps due to its physical and biological properties, ozone therapy can play a role in the treatment of COVID-19 as a supplement to standard treatment regimens.