Securing Endotracheal Tube in Pediatric Neurosurgical Patients Operated in Prone Position–A Novel Technique

Introduction The purpose of the present study relates to prevention of accidental extubation (AE) of pediatric patients in prone position. The control of endotracheal tube (ETT) in prone position becomes very difficult and an AE often occurs. This is more so deleterious in this age group because of the shallow respiratory reserves in children as well as the common use of noncuffed endotracheal tubes. The accidental tube exit may be a life-threatening event and its prevention is extremely important. Case Description Using the used plastic bottle of intravenous fluids, a rectangular piece is cut, foam pasted and wrapped on itself and stout threads are attached. This attachment is used for securing the ETT by wrapping it. The technical details are described in the text. The AE is a potentially disastrous event and its occurrence in pediatric patients is even more dangerous. Many techniques have been developed over the years for prevention of such an event. Conclusions The present technique uses all the principles of ETT fixation without leading to adding any significant technical difficulties. The method is safe, cost-effective and easily reproducible way of securement of ETT in pediatric neurosurgical patients operated in the prone position.

About possible attribution of chain mail artifacts from military burials of the Sadon burial ground

the article deals with the finds of chain mail artifacts from two military graves of the early medieval Sadon burial ground of the Alanian culture. According to similar items from the Lombard military burials of the Castel Trosino burial ground in Italy, samples from Sadon are presumably interpreted as gloves designed to protect the hand in combat conditions. Fragments of leather preserved on mail items from the Sadon may be remnants of products in the form of mittens or gloves; a rectangular piece of chain mail mesh was sewn to them from the back to protect the hand.

Research on improved edge extraction algorithm of rectangular piece

Traditional edge detection operators such as Prewitt operator, LOG operator and Canny operator, etc. cannot meet the requirements of the modern industrial measurement. This paper proposes a kind of image edge detection algorithm based on improved morphological gradient. It can be detect the image using structural elements, which deals with the characteristic information of the image directly. Choosing different shapes and sizes of structural elements to use together, the ideal image edge information can be detected. The experimental result shows that the algorithm can well extract image edge with noise, which is clearer, and has more detailed edges compared with the previous edge detection algorithm.

Evaluation on Size-Illusion of Clothing Color Based on Behavioural Measure

Size-illusion of color can affect wearing performance. In the current study, three styles of clothing and a rectangular piece whose area was similar to those of the clothing with various colors were evaluated in behavioral experiments. The purpose of the study is to explore the influence of saturation, brightness and hue of colors on size-illusion. Results show that size-illusion is most outstanding on the dimension of brightness, and it is more prominent on clothes than on color pieces. The picture with high saturation is bigger than that of low saturation, with high brightness or with longer wavelength displays an expansion effect. The size-illusion may be related with the background color.

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Slender as was Jude Fawley’s frame he bore the two brimming house-buckets of water to the cottage without resting. Over the door was a little rectangular piece of blue board, on which was painted in yellow letters, ‘Drusilla Fawley, Baker.’ Within the little lead...

Organization of Interlaminar Interactions in the Rat Superior Colliculus

Our previous studies have shown that when slices of the rat superior colliculus (SC) are exposed to a solution containing 10 μM bicuculline and a low concentration of Mg2+ (0.1 mM), most neurons in the intermediate gray layer (stratum griseum intermediale; SGI), wide-field vertical (WFV) cells in the optic layer (stratum opticum; SO), and a minor population of neurons in the superficial gray layer (stratum griseum superficiale; SGS) exhibit spontaneous depolarization and burst firing, which are synchronous among adjacent neurons. These spontaneous and synchronous depolarizations were thought to share common mechanisms with presaccadic burst activity in SGI neurons. In the present study, we explored the site responsible for generation of synchronous depolarization of SGI neurons by performing dual whole cell recordings under different slice conditions. A pair of SGI neurons recorded in a small rectangular piece of the SGI punched out from the SC slice showed synchronous depolarization but far less frequently than those recorded in a small rectangular piece including SGS and SO. This suggests that the superficial layers are needed for triggering synchronous depolarization in the SGI. Furthermore, we recorded spontaneous depolarizations in pairs of neurons belonging to the different layers. Analysis of their synchronicity revealed that WFV cells in the SO exhibit synchronous depolarizations with both SGS and SGI neurons, and the onset of spontaneous depolarization in WFV cells precedes those of neurons in other layers. Further, when SGS and SGI neurons exhibit synchronous depolarizations, SGI neurons usually precede the SGS neurons. These observations give further evidence to the existence of interlaminar interaction between superficial and deeper layers of the SC. In addition, it is suggested that WFV cells can trigger burst activity in other layers of the SC and that there is an excitatory signal transmission from the deeper layers to the superficial layers.

Tracer coupling among regenerated amacrine cells in the retina of the goldfish

This study sought to characterize the tracer coupling of regenerated amacrine cells in the retina of the goldfish and assess the integration of regenerated neurons into existing retinal circuits. Regeneration of new neurons from injury-induced progenitors was stimulated by surgically excising a small rectangular piece of retina. Several months after regeneration was complete, intracellular injections of Neurobiotin, a gap junction-permeant tracer, were made into single regenerated amacrine cells or nonregenerated (extant) amacrine cells lying outside the regenerated patch. Two groups of amacrine cells were injected: those that in normal retina are tracer coupled and a single type (the radiate amacrine cell) that is not. The data show that regenerated amacrine cells are tracer coupled to each other and to their homologous counterparts outside the patch of regenerated retina. Regenerated radiate cells possess morphologically abnormal dendrites, but these processes can extend out of regenerated retina into surrounding normal retina. Similarly, the dendrites of extant radiate cells, severed by the original lesion, can regenerate into the patch of regenerated retina. These results indicate that in the goldfish retina the cell-specific junctional circuitry present in normal retina is re-created in the regenerated retina, and suggest that regenerated neurons are functionally integrated into the existing retina.

Observation of an X-Ray Beam 10 Microradian Divergence Without Using any Collimator

I report the experimental setup to obtain an x-ray beam from germanium monocrystal of unusually small angle of vertical divergence of the order of 2 sec. of arc without using any collimator. The production and the properties of the highly collimated beam of x-ray will be described. A rectangular piece of germanium 1” × 1” and of thickness 0.5 mm has been cut with specific orientation of crystallographic planes (111) and (110). The 1” × 1” surface is parallel to (111) planes and the surface of one edge is parallel to (110) planes suitable for Borrmann channelling via (220) planes.