Expectation violations, expectation change, and expectation persistence: The scientific landscape as revealed by bibliometric network analyses

Expectation violations occur when there is a discrepancy between expected and perceived events or experiences. However, expectations often persist despite disconfirming evidence. Therefore, research on expectation violations, expectation change, and expectation persistence has been conducted in several fields of psychology with wide-ranging theoretical assumptions and empirical considerations. In the present review, we analyzed how these research fields relate to each other via bibliometric network analyses. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic literature search to identify scientific publications on expectation violations, expectation change, and expectation persistence. The literature corpus was then quantitatively analyzed using similarity measures that allow a data-driven classification of publications into groups, revealing their conceptual, theoretical, and empirical commonalities. Our results indicate that many influential publications have focused on finding reactivity measures (e.g., brain activation) to the discrepancy experienced between expectations and outcomes. Furthermore, these measures have been used to assess when and to which degree learning and behavioral adaptation (i.e., expectation change) takes place. We discuss the potential application of these measures for understanding expectation violations in more complex settings (e.g., social interaction) as well as phenomena such as expectation persistence. The goal of this review was to foster interdisciplinarity in psychology, enabling scientists and practitioners to identify new topics, promising empirical approaches and previously neglected variables.

University Students Intention to Continue Using Online Learning Tools and Technologies: An International Comparison

In recent years, universities have put enormous efforts to promote the use of online learning among students and lecturers. Despite this, little is known about the intention of students to use online learning. The objective of this research is to study the continuance intention of online learning in the post-COVID-19 period in higher education. The research focuses on online learning tools and technologies by applying a modified Expectation-Confirmation Model (ECM) developed from earlier theoretical models, including three new constructs: the self-management of learning, computer anxiety, and habit. The international research compares three countries—Spain (Europe), Chile (Latin America), and Jordan (Asia)—which differ economically and culturally. The Partial Least Squares approach (PLS-SEM) was used to test the research model. As a conclusion of the study, the relationships of the proposed model’s constructs vary among the three countries, given their socioeconomic, technological, and cultural differences. Interestingly, self-management learning is a key factor that has a significant positive influence on continuance intention for the three countries, especially in Jordan. This study makes an interesting contribution to existing research in education and discusses how learning can be made more sustainable in complex settings.

Integrative geochronology calibrates the Middle and Late Stone Ages of Ethiopia’s Afar Rift

The Halibee member of the Upper Dawaitoli Formation of Ethiopia’s Middle Awash study area features a wealth of Middle and Later Stone Age (MSA and LSA) paleoanthropological resources in a succession of Pleistocene sediments. We introduce these artifacts and fossils, and determine their chronostratigraphic placement via a combination of established radioisotopic methods and a recently developed dating method applied to ostrich eggshell (OES). We apply the recently developed 230Th/U burial dating of OES to bridge the temporal gap between radiocarbon (14C) and 40Ar/39Ar ages for the MSA and provide 14C ages to constrain the younger LSA archaeology and fauna to ∼24 to 21.4 ka. Paired 14C and 230Th/U burial ages of OES agree at ∼31 ka for an older LSA locality, validating the newer method, and in turn supporting its application to stratigraphically underlying MSA occurrences previously constrained only by a maximum 40Ar/39Ar age. Associated fauna, flora, and Homo sapiens fossils are thereby now fixed between 106 ± 20 ka and 96.4 ± 1.6 ka (all errors 2σ). Additional 40Ar/39 results on an underlying tuff refine its age to 158.1 ± 11.0 ka, providing a more precise minimum age for MSA lithic artifacts, fauna, and H. sapiens fossils recovered ∼9 m below it. These results demonstrate how chronological control can be obtained in tectonically active and stratigraphically complex settings to precisely calibrate crucial evidence of technological, environmental, and evolutionary changes during the African Middle and Late Pleistocene.

Unique Considerations for Psychologists Working in Pediatric Critical Care

This chapter reviews the roles of pediatric psychologists in critical care settings. Assessment and intervention strategies are discussed while also highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. Relevant literature is reviewed while also providing practical information regarding psychology practice in these complex settings. The authors summarize adverse psychiatric sequelae and risk factors during and after the critical care admission. The consultation and liaison roles of psychologists, including assessment and intervention, health promotion, interprofessional team support, and familial support through biopsychosocial and developmental frameworks, make a case for the value they bring to critical care teams. The chapter also reviews the key knowledge, skills, and attributes necessary for psychologists to function effectively within pediatric critical care settings.

Building Resilience in Temporary Organizations: Lessons from a Shipyard

This chapter discusses the organizational and occupational dimensions of resilience in temporary organizing contexts and how these contribute to sustained reliable performance. When dealing with issues related to high levels of safety in complex settings, longstanding organizations with strong organizational routines are often described as the most appropriate forms of organizing. However, temporary forms of organizing are developing and little is known on how actors engaged in such contexts can enhance and sustain resilience when facing uncertainty in safety-critical contexts. This chapter addresses this gap in the literature by demonstrating that temporary organizations, such as project-based ones, can also deal with major safety issues, and that temporary forms of organizing can help complex projects to be efficiently and safely carried out. We examine this proposition by studying the case of an inter-organizational and safety-critical project: the construction by a shipyard of a series of ships. Looking at the meso-level, i.e. the occupational groups involved in the project, we show how temporary forms of organizing and occupational groups together contribute to the resilience of the whole project. We highlight that the ability of the project to coordinate temporary organizing forms is key in achieving (safe) performance.

Interface Automata for Shared Memory

Interface theories based on Interface Automata (IA) are formalisms for the component-based specification of concurrent systems. Extensions of their basic synchronization mechanism permit the modelling of data, but are studied in more complex settings involving modal transition systems or do not abstract from internal computation. In this article, we show how de Alfaro and Henzinger’s original IA theory can be conservatively extended by shared memory data, without sacrificing simplicity or imposing restrictions. Our extension IA for shared Memory (IAM) decorates transitions with pre- and post-conditions over algebraic expressions on shared variables, which are taken into account by IA’s notion of component compatibility. Simplicity is preserved as IAM can be embedded into IA and, thus, accurately lifts IA’s compatibility concept to shared memory. We also provide a ground semantics for IAM that demonstrates that our abstract handling of data within IA’s open systems view is faithful to the standard treatment of data in closed systems.

Tectonic–sedimentary interplay of a confined deepwater system in a foreland basin setting: the Pennsylvanian lower Atoka Formation, Ouachita Mountains, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Submarine fans deposited in structurally complex settings record important information on basin evolution and tectonic–sedimentary relationships but are often poorly preserved in outcrops due to syndepositional and post depositional deformation. This study aims to understand the influence of tectonics on the deposition of the synorogenic Pennsylvanian lower Atoka submarine fan system deposited in a structurally complex foreland basin during the Ouachita orogeny. This study is a synthesis of new outcrop stratigraphic data as well as published stratigraphic and structural data. The lower Atoka crops out in the Ouachita Mountains and the southern Arkoma Basin and is divided into three structural–depositional zones: the foredeep, the wedge top, and the continental foreland. The mean paleoflow is axial, and each zone exhibits unique patterns in facies distribution. The foredeep consists of two fan systems, a large westward-prograding fan that exhibits significant longitudinal and lateral facies changes, and a small eastward-prograding fan on the western part. The wedge top consists of a westward-prograding fan that exhibits subtle longitudinal facies change. The continental foreland consists of small slope fan systems along the northern and western margins. By comparing to basin morphology and structural styles, we interpret the facies distribution patterns in the three zones as the result of different combinations of lateral structural confinement, axial and lateral sediment supply, and paleogeography. This study provides an improved and comprehensive understanding of the lower Atoka deepwater system and has implications for deciphering the tectonic–sedimentary relationships in laterally confined submarine fan systems.

Funding and Delivery Models for Modern Energy Cooking Services in Displacement Settings: A Review

Cooking with modern energy fuels and technologies has a high potential to positively impact the users’ health and well-being, and make cooking safer and less burdensome for women and girls. To date, there have been numerous interventions targeting improved cooking solutions in displacement settings, but very few which have involved modern energy cooking, such as ethanol, biogas, LPG or electric cooking. They have been largely absent from humanitarian programming due to limited availability, affordability and lack of business models that suit those complex settings. Additionally, energy access services in displacement settings have historically relied primarily on grant-based funding. However, grants are limited to relatively short timeframes which do not align with the long-term needs of the displaced. New ways of funding energy access in displacement settings, and particularly modern energy cooking services, are urgently needed to address the scale of the challenge as the number of displaced surpassed 80 million in 2020, with close to 90% having little or no access to adequate cooking fuels and technologies. In this paper, we review modern energy cooking in displacement settings and the common ways of funding and delivering them. We argue that new ways of funding and delivering energy access in displacement settings are urgently needed to address the scale of the challenge and to facilitate transitions to modern energy cooking fuels and technologies, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 7 and the principle of ‘leaving no one behind’.