Dynamical Reason for a Cyclic Universe

By analyzing the energy-momentum tensor and equations of state of ideal gas, scalar, spinor and vector potential in detail, we find that the total mass density of all matter is always positive, and the initial total pressure is negative. Under these conditions, by qualitatively analyzing the global behavior of the dynamical equation of cosmological model, we get the following results: (i) K=1, namely, the global spatial structure of the universe should be a three-dimensional sphere S3; (ii) 0≤Λ<10−24ly−2, the cosmological constant should be zero or an infinitesimal; (iii) a(t)>0, the initial singularity of the universe is unreachable, and the evolution of the universe should be cyclic in time. Since the matter components considered are quite complete and the proof is very elementary and strict, these conclusions are quite reliable in logic and compatible with all observational data. Obviously, these conclusions will be very helpful to correct some popular misconceptions and bring great convenience to further research other problems in cosmology such as the properties of dark matter and dark energy. In addition, the macroscopic Lagrangian of fluid model is derived.

Early Universe Plasma Separation and the Creation of a Dual Universe

The recent Planck Legacy release confirmed the presence of an enhanced lensing amplitude in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra, which prefers a positively curved early Universe with a confidence level exceeding 99%. In this study, the pre-existing curvature is incorporated to extend the field equations where the derived wavefunction of the Universe is utilised to model Universe evolution with reference to the scale factor of the early Universe and its radius of curvature upon the emission of the CMB. The wavefunction reveals both positive and negative solutions, implying that matter and antimatter of early Universe plasma evolved in opposite directions as distinct Universe sides, corroborating the axis of CMB. The wavefunction indicates that a nascent hyperbolic expansion away from early plasma is followed by a first phase of decelerating expansion during the first 10 Gyr, and then, a second phase of accelerating expansion in reverse directions, whereby both sides free-fall towards each other under gravitational acceleration. The predicted conformal curvature evolution demonstrates the fast orbital speed of outer stars owing to external fields exerted on galaxies as they travel through conformally curved space-time. Finally, the wavefunction predicts an eventual time-reversal phase comprising rapid spatial contraction that culminates in a Big Crunch, signalling a cyclic Universe. These findings show that early plasma could be separated and evolved into distinct sides of the Universe that collectively inducing its evolution, physically explaining the effects attributed to dark energy and dark matter.

Early Universe Plasma Separation and the Creation of a Dual Universe

The Planck Legacy recent release revealed a closed and positively curved early universe with a confidence level greater than 99%. In this study, the Friedmann&ndash;Lema&icirc;tree&ndash;Robertson&ndash;Walker (FLRW) metric is enhanced to model early universe plasma, incorporating its reference curvature radius upon the emission of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the reference scale factor of the energy flux. The universe evolution from early plasma is modelled utilising quantised spacetime worldlines, where they revealed both positive and negative solutions implying that matter and antimatter in the plasma could be separated by electromagnetic fields and evolved in opposite directions as distinct sides of the universe, corroborating the CMB dipole anisotropy. The model indicates a nascent hyperbolic expansion is followed by a first phase of decelerating expansion during the first 10 Gyr, and then, a second phase of accelerating expansion. The model theoretically resolves the tension in Hubble parameter measurements, with a predicted density at the phase transition of 1.16. Further, it predicts a final time-reversal phase of rapid spatial contraction leading to a Big Crunch, signalling a cyclic universe. Simulations of the quantised spacetime continuum flux through its travel along the predicted worldlines demonstrated the fast-orbital speed of stars resulting from an external momentum exerted on galaxies via the spatial curvature through imaginary time dimension. These findings indicate that early universe plasma could be separated and evolved into distinct sides, collectively and geometrically influencing the universe evolution.

On Spacetime Duality and Bounce Cosmology of a Dual Universe

Precise astronomical measurements of the fine structure constant and universe expansion rate have revealed that they vary over specific directions, demonstrating an anisotropic universe. The curvature in complex spacetime can be interpreted as spatial warping evolution along with its travel through the imaginary time dimension. Complex spacetime worldlines of the universe spatial factor evolution through imaginary time are utilised to model universe anisotropy. The worldlines of a positively curved universe revealed both positive and negative solutions, which imply that matter and antimatter could be evolving in opposite directions as distinct sides of the universe, theoretically corroborating the axis of the cosmic microwave background and observed anisotropy. The model indicates that a nascent hyperbolic expansion is followed by a first phase of decelerating spatial expansion during the first 9 Gyr, and then, a second phase of accelerating expansion. The model potentially resolves the tension in Hubble parameter measurements, with a predicted density at the phase transition of 1.12&gt;1. In addition, it predicts a final time-reversal phase of rapid spatial contraction leading to the Big Crunch, signalling a cyclic universe. On spacetime quantum duality, the simulations of the spacetime continuum flux through its travel along with its predicted worldlines demonstrated the fast-orbital speed of stars resulting from an external momentum exerted on galaxies via the spatial curvature through the imaginary time dimension. These findings indicate that antimatter could exist as a distinct side, which influences the universe evolution; physically explaining the effects attributed to dark matter and dark energy.

On Spacetime Duality and Bounce Cosmology of a Dual Universe

Precise astronomical measurements of the fine structure constant and universe expansion rate have revealed that they vary through specific directions, indicating an anisotropic universe. The curvature in complex spacetime can be interpreted as spatial warping evolution along with its travel through the imaginary time dimension. The complex spacetime worldlines of the universe spatial factor evolution through the imaginary time are utilised to model the universe anisotropy. The worldlines of a positively curved universe revealed both positive and negative solutions, which imply that matter and antimatter could be evolving in opposite directions as distinct universe sides, theoretically corroborating the axis of the cosmic microwave background and observed anisotropy. The model indicates that a nascent hyperbolic expansion is followed by a first phase of decelerating spatial expansion during the first 9 Gyr, and then, a second phase of accelerating expansion. The model potentially resolves the tension in Hubble parameter measurements, with a predicted density at the phase transition of 1.12&gt;1. In addition, it predicts a final time-reversal phase of rapid spatial contraction leading to the Big Crunch, signalling a cyclic universe. On spacetime duality, the simulations of the spacetime continuum flux through its travel along with its predicted worldlines demonstrated the fast-orbital speed of stars resulting from an external momentum exerted on galaxies via the spatial curvature through the imaginary time dimension. These findings indicate that antimatter can exist as a distinct side, which influences the evolution of the universe; physically explaining the effects attributed to dark matter and dark energy.

Stability analysis of Einstein’s universe in loop quantum cosmology

A stability analysis of Einstein’s universe in both classical general relativity and semiclassical loop quantum cosmology regimes is presented. The stability properties of the general relativity model are significantly altered due to loop quantum gravity corrections. Comparisons between both dynamical systems are considered on the basis of these modifications. The loop quantum cosmology solutions are restricted to an open universe model [Formula: see text] and represent a cyclic universe. The integrals of motion for both systems are found and their Hamiltonian structure determined.

On Spacetime Duality and the Astromechanics of a Dual Universe

Recent astronomical measurements of the fine structure constant revealed it varies slightly through specific directions, which could indicate a directional/anisotropic universe. A curvature in complex spacetime can be interpreted as spatial warping evolution along with its travel through the imaginary time dimension. Complex spacetime worldlines of the universe spatial factor evolution through the imaginary time are utilised to construct a potential cosmic topology. The worldlines of a positively curved universe governed by gravity alone revealed two solutions, which imply that the matter and antimatter could be evolving in opposite directions as distinct universe sides; potentially corroborating the axis of the cosmic microwave background and the directional universe. The model indicates a phase of decelerating spatial expansion during the first 9 Gyr, which is followed by a second phase of accelerating expansion; theoretically resolving the tension in the Hubble parameter measurements, with predicted density at the phase transition of 1.12&gt;1. Additionally, it predicts a final time-reversal phase of spatial contraction leading to a Big Crunch, signalling a cyclic universe. On the spacetime duality, simulations of the spacetime continuum flux along with its predicted worldlines demonstrated the fast-orbital speed of stars due to an external momentum exerted on galaxies via curvature through the imaginary time dimension. These findings indicate the antimatter can exist as a distinct side, which influences the evolution of the universe.