FALSAFAH ALAM TAKAMBANG JADI GURU DALAM KEARIFAN TRADISI MASYARAKAT IBAN: SENI TATU

This research explains about a local wisdom related to the Iban community of heritage, like tattoo’s. Symbolism towards the elements of nature is often used to express various ideas and meanings about their practices, culture and life. This research use a fully qualitative as a main approach . Data obtained through a qualitative approach using observational methods and interviews from informants that have expertise on tattoos. This research shows that the human mind is built from the nature, characteristics and forms of nature. Human learns from nature and create aesthetics while showing the ability to assimilate with nature so that there is a philosophy of nature being a teacher. It show that human mind is built from nature. This means that the evolving nature teaches people to think creatively and produce a creation that uses the elements of nature as a source of ideas. Every thing and event that happens in human life may not be inseparable from nature. The Iban community live in a natural environment. For them, nature is used as a teacher to solve all the problems that occur in their daily lives. Some individuals in Iban community, they have a skilled in creating work of arts that use the natural sources that exist in their environment. The aesthetic value ​​of tattoos can also be seen in the motifs and designs produced by inspiring the source of nature. It shows that nature as a teacher or mind thinking in addition to the symbol of perseverance and psychology the of tattoo maker. Through nature, the Iban community produce creativity that uses natural sources in the tradition of tattoos that shows the local wisdom as well as their culture. Keywords: Nature, Iban Society, Art, Tattoo Tradition, Wisdom Tradition Abstrak: Penyelidikan ini menjelaskan tentang sesuatu kearifan tradisi yang berkaitan dengan warisan kesenian masyarakat Iban, iaitu seni tatu. Simbolisme ke arah unsur-unsur alam sering digunakan untuk menyatakan pelbagai idea dan makna tentang amalan, budaya dan kehidupan mereka. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif secara keseluruhan. Data yang diperoleh melalui pendekatan kualitatif yang menggunakan kaedah pemerhatian dan temubual daripada informan yang pakar dalam seni tatu. Keseluruhan penyelidikan ini mendapati bahawa minda manusia dibina daripada sifat, ciri dan bentuk alam. Manusia belajar daripada alam dan mencipta estetika di samping memperlihatkan keupayaan berasimilasi dengan alam sehingga wujudnya falsafah alam takambang jadi guru. Alam dijadikan sebagai guru, iaitu pemikiran manusia dibina daripada alam semula jadi. Ini bermakna alam berkembang mengajar manusia untuk berfikir secara kreatif dan menghasilkan sesuatu penciptaan yang menggunakan unsur alam sebagai sumber idea, iaitu seni tatu. Setiap perkara dan peristiwa yang berlaku dalam kehidupan manusia mungkin tidak boleh dipisahkan dengan alam semula jadi. Masyarakat Iban tinggal di persekitaran alam semula jadi. Bagi mereka, alam dijadikan sebagai guru untuk menyelesaikan semua masalah yang berlaku dalam kehidupan seharian mereka. Bagi sesetengah individu dalam masyarakat Iban, mereka mahir dalam mencipta hasil seni yang menggunakan unsur-unsur alam yang wujud di persekitaran mereka. Nilai-nilai estetika pada seni tatu juga dapat dilihat pada motif dan reka corak yang dihasilkan dengan berinspirasikan unsur alam semula jadi. Ini menunjukkan bahawa alam sebagai guru atau istilah berfikir di samping simbol ketekunan dan psikologi pencacah tatu. Melalui alam semula jadi, masyarakat Iban menghasilkan kreativiti yang menggunakan sumber alam pada tradisi seni tatu yang menunjukkan kearifan tradisi dalam budaya mereka. Kata kunci: Alam, Masyarakat Iban, Seni, Tradisi Tatu, Kearifan Tradisi

The Necessity of an Emic Paradigm in Psychology

This article provides an overview of developments in the field of Black/Africana/Pan African psychology over the past 50 years. It has evolved toward production of psychological knowledge grounded in an emic cultural paradigm consistent with the understandings emerging from classical African civilization and across the Diaspora. The historical context for the development of a Black/Africana cultural paradigm is discussed, including an analysis of the failure of Eurowestern psychology to effectively address the mental health needs of people of African ancestry, particularly as exemplified in the experience of Non-immigrant Africans in the Americas (NIAAs). Readers are introduced to the rise of African-centered cultural frames of reference, values, and psychological models, practices, and strategies. The development of Optimal Psychology or Optimal Conceptual Theory (OCT) is highlighted. OCT is a comprehensive theory successfully implemented, utilized, and researched for more than 40 years. The production of psychological knowledge built upon a cultural paradigm rooted in the wisdom tradition of African deep thought traceable to the birthplace of all humankind is essential to a comprehensive understanding of humanity and will be described.

Biblical Theology and the Apocrypha

The books of the Apocrypha contain extensive reflection on the theologies of earlier Jewish writings, particularly in regard to election, the Torah, and the Deuteronomistic theology of history, in the face of several critical situations facing the Jewish people (the advance and advantages of Hellenization, the repression of Judaism under Antiochus IV, ongoing life as a minority culture throughout the Diaspora, and domination and devastation under Rome). They also bear witness to important developments both in personal and national eschatology and in the identification of supernatural forces impacting human existence (e.g., angels and demons). Early Christians, in turn, found these texts to provide important resources for their reflection upon the person and work of Jesus, applying developments within the Wisdom tradition in their delineation of the relationship of the Son to God and within the Jewish martyrological traditions to their professions about the atoning force of Jesus’ death. These texts thus exercised an important influence on the theologies articulated in the New Testament and the development of the doctrines and creeds embraced by the universal church, despite the ongoing discussions within the church concerning their canonical status.

Torah as Wisdom in 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch

This essay is concerned with the meaning of torah and its relationship with wisdom in late Second Temple Judaism. It has been previously argued that, as the Mosaic torah had gained dominance, the wisdom school absorbed and accommodated the Mosaic torah tradition, and yet maintained all the essential elements of the sapiential tradition. Through a study of two Jewish apocalypses, 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch, the essay discovers not only the sapientialization of the Mosaic torah, but also the total submission of the wisdom tradition under the authority of the Mosaic torah tradition to gain legitimacy. It argues that this is done through a submission of sapiential revelations to the Mosaic revelation received at Sinai, and a portrayal of wisdom recipients and apocalyptic visionaries as types of Moses. This process reflects religious innovation under the disguise of compliance with established, older traditions.

The Relation of the Minor Prophets to the Wisdom Tradition(s)

This essay analyzes the commonalities between the Minor Prophets and biblical Wisdom Tradition(s). After briefly addressing whether Proverbs, Job, and Qoheleth constitute a unified “Wisdom Literature” whose writers are distinct from the authors of other bodies of First Testament literature, this essay outlines three methodological criteria for identifying influence from one corpus to the other. Rather than examine every (often isolated) point of contact between the two groups of books, the essay discusses clusters of wisdom elements in Hosea, Jonah, and Habakkuk that point to wisdom influence in each, as well as some prophetic elements in Proverbs and Job. Each book has adapted material from the other body of literature to its own purposes.

Wisdom in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Early Jewish Interpretation

This article argues that wisdom in the Dead Sea Scrolls is not a continuation of the biblical Wisdom tradition. What we see in the scrolls is rather a reinterpretation of biblical Wisdom Literature within new conceptual frameworks and within the broader context of the interpretive culture of Second Temple Judaism. One of the main aspects of this new version of wisdom is that it is hidden and not available to just anyone. The emphasis on mystery and the hidden structures of time is shared by Wisdom texts from Qumran and from the Hellenistic world. Wisdom is omnipresent across Jewish traditions as it is integrated with Torah, revelation, and prayer. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls has made clear how deeply embedded wisdom was across genres and traditions.

Wisdom in Isaiah

The history of research on wisdom in Isaiah reveals the story of what scholars initially understood to be two separate domains—wisdom and prophecy—becoming intertwined. As the prophetic book most infiltrated by the wisdom tradition, the book of Isaiah has been the primary resource for probing the nature of the relationship between prophecy and wisdom. For the most part, studies on wisdom in Isaiah focus narrowly on the prophet’s social location in relationship to wisdom or on wisdom in one section of the book (Isa 1–39 or 40–55). In conjunction with the concern within scholarship on Isaiah to understand the book as a unity, this chapter offers an overview of wisdom across the major sections of the book, with an eye toward similarities and differences between sections and diachronic questions that emerge from a synchronic reading.