Evolutionary Theism of Henryk Levittoux in Polish and International Context

Henryk Levittoux (1822-1879) is currently best known as the model of Jan Matejko who posed for him as Nicolaus Copernicus. Less known, however, is his concept of evolution, which he presented as a part of his philosophical system and which caused a heated debates among Polish intellectuals in the second half of the nineteenth century. Levittoux's theory, which was trying to combine religious dogma with the achievements of contemporary science, breaks out of the popular historical narrative, in which it is assumed that the discussions about the evolutionism were dominated by creationists and pro-Darwinian positivists. The aim of this article will be to present Levittoux's theory of evolution and to show how he combined the ideas of evolution with the concept of Divine creation. Secondary focus of the article will be to place his theory in the broader context of scientific and philosophical changes, that took place in the nineteenth century. Attention will be paid to the way in which the professionalization of science affected natural philosophers, such as Levittoux, who were refusing to accept the rigorous positivist methodology. It will also be shown how Levittoux’s evolutionism became part of the so-called "developmental evolutionism" which promoted a completely different vision of evolution than Darwinism. The non-Darwinian nature of Levittoux's evolutionism was inspired by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire’s theory. Levittoux adopted his idea that species evolve thanks to the environmental stimulus which affects their ontogenesis. However, this idea will be extrapolated in Levittoux’s writings to the whole Earth. So, he will conclude that the Earth is the equivalent of the womb in which, like the fetus, all Life develops. All changes of species, in his opinion, are additionally controlled by a universal principle which he called the law of attraction-repulsion. This law was also the tool by which God created the world. The Levittoux’s concept is one of the first attempts to create a synthesis of evolutionism and religious thought in the Polish post-Darwinian philosophy of nature. Levittoux, as a continuator of Saint-Hilaire's thought, is also an interesting example of an attempt to instill in Polish philosophy French evolutionist thought.

Law of attraction: A mirror image of Zimbabwe-Belarus relations

Purpose: The study aims to analyse the law of attraction and its influence on Zimbabwe-Belarus relations. Research methodology: Secondary sources that relate to Zimbabwe and Belarus were used to gather data. The content analysis technique was employed to analysis to the data. Results: The study gathered that the two countries have limited allies in the international system; they are all on sanctions from the European Union (E.U.) and the United States of America (U.S.A.). The two countries also behave the same way in their interactions domestically and politically, as demonstrated by their conduct during elections. Limitations: The study focuses explicitly only on Zimbabwe’s 2018 and Belarus’s 2020 elections Contribution: This study contributes to understanding how the law of attraction will play a new role in determining the relations shortly, specifically whether or not the two counties will remain allies.

The Law of Attraction: Relating Computed Energetics of Physisorption with Performance of Graphene-Based Sensors for Nitroaromatic Contaminants

<div> <div> <div> <p>The ability to detect persistent nitroaromatic contaminants, e.g. DNT and TNT, with high sensitivity and selectivity is central to environmental science and medicinal diagnostics. Graphene-based materials rise to this challenge, offering supreme performance, biocompatibility, and low toxicity at a reasonable cost. In the first step of the electrochemical sensing process, these substrates establish non-covalent interactions with the analytes, which we show to be indicative of their respective detection limits. Employing a combination of semiempirical tight binding quantum chemistry, meta- dynamics, density functional theory, and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory in conjunction with curated data from experimental literature, we investigate the physisorption of DNT and TNT on a series of functionalised graphene derivatives. In agreement with experimental observations, systems with greater planarity and positively charged substrates afford stronger non-covalent interactions than their highly oxidised distorted counterparts. Despite the highly polar nature of the investigated species, their non-covalent interactions are largely driven by dispersion forces. To harness these design principles, we considered a series of boron and nitrogen (co)doped two-dimensional materials. One of these systems featuring a chain of B–N–C units was found to adsorb nitroaromatic molecules stronger than the pristine graphene itself. These findings form the basis for the design principles of sensing materials and illustrate the utility of relatively low cost in silico procedures for testing the viability of designed graphene-based sensors for a plethora of analytes. </p> </div> </div> </div>

The Law of Attraction: Relating Computed Energetics of Physisorption with Performance of Graphene-Based Sensors for Nitroaromatic Contaminants

<div> <div> <div> <p>The ability to detect persistent nitroaromatic contaminants, e.g. DNT and TNT, with high sensitivity and selectivity is central to environmental science and medicinal diagnostics. Graphene-based materials rise to this challenge, offering supreme performance, biocompatibility, and low toxicity at a reasonable cost. In the first step of the electrochemical sensing process, these substrates establish non-covalent interactions with the analytes, which we show to be indicative of their respective detection limits. Employing a combination of semiempirical tight binding quantum chemistry, meta- dynamics, density functional theory, and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory in conjunction with curated data from experimental literature, we investigate the physisorption of DNT and TNT on a series of functionalised graphene derivatives. In agreement with experimental observations, systems with greater planarity and positively charged substrates afford stronger non-covalent interactions than their highly oxidised distorted counterparts. Despite the highly polar nature of the investigated species, their non-covalent interactions are largely driven by dispersion forces. To harness these design principles, we considered a series of boron and nitrogen (co)doped two-dimensional materials. One of these systems featuring a chain of B–N–C units was found to adsorb nitroaromatic molecules stronger than the pristine graphene itself. These findings form the basis for the design principles of sensing materials and illustrate the utility of relatively low cost in silico procedures for testing the viability of designed graphene-based sensors for a plethora of analytes. </p> </div> </div> </div>

The Law of Attraction: Relating Computed Energetics of Physisorption with Performance of Graphene-Based Sensors for Nitroaromatic Contaminants

<div> <div> <div> <p>The ability to detect persistent nitroaromatic contaminants, e.g. DNT and TNT, with high sensitivity and selectivity is central to environmental science and medicinal diagnostics. Graphene-based materials rise to this challenge, offering supreme performance, biocompatibility, and low toxicity at a reasonable cost. In the first step of the electrochemical sensing process, these substrates establish non-covalent interactions with the analytes, which we show to be indicative of their respective detection limits. Employing a combination of semiempirical tight binding quantum chemistry, meta- dynamics, density functional theory, and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory in conjunction with curated data from experimental literature, we investigate the physisorption of DNT and TNT on a series of functionalised graphene derivatives. In agreement with experimental observations, systems with greater planarity and positively charged substrates afford stronger non-covalent interactions than their highly oxidised distorted counterparts. Despite the highly polar nature of the investigated species, their non-covalent interactions are largely driven by dispersion forces. To harness these design principles, we considered a series of boron and nitrogen (co)doped two-dimensional materials. One of these systems featuring a chain of B–N–C units was found to adsorb nitroaromatic molecules stronger than the pristine graphene itself. These findings form the basis for the design principles of sensing materials and illustrate the utility of relatively low cost in silico procedures for testing the viability of designed graphene-based sensors for a plethora of analytes. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Notes on Sonata Cycle of Cross-Cutting Development in Brahms' Chamber Music

Развитие искусства, по словам Пастернака, подчиняется закону притяжения. Один из многочисленных примеров этому - бетховенская идея цикла сквозного развития, мимо которой не прошел ни один из последующих композиторов: от Шопена (Соната b-moLL) до Брукнера и Малера. Значительное место в этом процессе принадлежит Брамсу. В публикуемых «Заметках...» на примере шести различных по составу и времени написания камерно-инструментальных ансамблей композитора - фортепианных трио op. 8 (вторая редакция) и op. 40, струнных квартетов op. 51 и op. 67, Кларнетового квинтета op. 115 - обнаруживается разнообразие воплощений этой идеи: в одном случае ключевым моментом образования сквозной структуры цикла оказывается взаимодействие тональностей - одноименных и параллельных; в другом - взаимодействие метроритмов; и, наконец, импульс к построению сквозной композиции цикла может исходить от лаконичной темы, наделенной функцией эпиграфа. Перефразируя известную мысль Асафьева, можно сказать: идея одна, а форм ее претворения множество. The deveLopment of art, according to Pasternak, obeys the Law of attraction. One of the various exampLes is the idea of the cross-cutting deveLopment cycLe by Beethoven; none of the Later composers from Chopin (Sonata b flat minor) to Bruckner and MahLer passed by this idea. Brahms occupies a significant pLace in this process. One can discover a variety of embodiments of the idea in this articLe on the exampLe of six chamber and instrumentaL ensembLes of the composer, different by number of instruments and time of writing: piano trios op. 8 (2 version) and op. 40, string quartets op. 51 and op. 67, CLarinet Quintet op. 115. In one case, the interaction of keys - paraLLeL and reLative ones-is the centerpiece of the formation of the cross-cutting cycLe structure. In another case, the point is the interaction of metre-rhythms. And finaLLy, the impuLse to the buiLding of the cross-cutting cycLe composition can come from a concise theme endowed with the function of the epigraph. To paraphrase an idea of Asafiev, it can be stated that the idea is the same, but the forms of embodiments are muLtipLe.

THE NEW GENERALIZED GRAVITATIONAL MODEL OF MIGRATION FOR GEORGIA

Econophysics, or the theory of construction of models using physical assumptions in economics, already has a long history. For this purpose, the gravitational law of attraction was probably first used in the modeling of trade models between two subjects. The laws of gravitational and electrostatic attraction were then used to study migration between countries. The article adopts two new models (containing dummy variables) of migration from Georgia to leading European countries and USA using multivariate linear regression. They are based on the Lewer and van der Berg generalized gravitational model of migration between countries of The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Their model contains dummy parameters of border, the proximity of the state languages and colonial links in past. In this article we introduce a new dummy parameter «religion» of the model of migration from Georgia; It is hypothesized that migration between neighbor countries may not be analogous to the Newton›s law of universal gravitation. In our view, it would be more appropriate to use other physical assumptions to construct such a migration model, for example a mathematical model of the law of equalization of temperatures in an area with different temperatures at different points.

The Interaction of Economic Entities. Science Analogy

The article discusses the possibility of using the results of some Sciences (in this case, the Law of universal gravitation) in the study of other Sciences. The Law of universal gravitation, which is one of the most important laws of nature, is described. The interaction of economic entities from the standpoint of the Law of universal gravitation is considered. The features of interaction between sellers and buyers are studied. It established that the fundamental reason for the attraction of economic entities is the need to meet their needs. The process of meeting the needs of an economic entity is described. The following concepts are introduced: inertial mass (mass of stability) of an economic subject, gravitational mass (mass of attraction) of an economic subject. The features of these indicators are studied. The analysis of changes in the forces of attraction between economic entities in the process of their interaction are carried out. The law of attraction of two economic entities is formulated.