Effect of beneficiation of Harin-Hamza Futuk bentonite for drilling fluid formulation

This research focused on beneficiation and characterization of raw Garin Hamza Futuk (GHF) Bentonite for oil and gas drilling fluid formulation. The FTIR results confirmed that GHF bentonitic clay is rich in montmorillonite mineral noticed at approximately 3620-3630cm-1 stretching band in the higher frequency level. In the lower frequency region, montmorillonite had a strong band at 1024.24 and 1028.09 cm-1 for Sivibration of layered silicates.The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) results showed slight reduction in free silica (Quartz) by about 1%. The SEM images of the beneficiated samples were more dispersed than the raw sample with some large flocs structure confirming their montmorillonitic nature. The optimum amount of poly anionic cellulose (PAC)used for instant drilling fluid formulation was found to be at 2.0 g, while the aged formulation was achieved at 0.8g PAC when compared with the API grade. Hence, GHF bentonite can be used for drilling fluid formulation.

Household Infrared Technology as an Energy-Efficient Approach to Achieve C-Cπ Bond Construction Reactions

We examined the ability of short-wave infrared (IR) light in the λ1.5-3.0 μm region of the infrared emission spectrum to accomplish C−Cπ bond construction reaction between π-excessive azaheteroaromatic and different carbonyl substrates supported on a bentonitic clay catalyst in solventless condition via a three-component condensation reaction. Preliminary studies show that the implementation of a domestic Flavor-Wave® oven fitted with a halogen heater lamp as a chemical reactor was as effective as the use of near IR light (λ1.1 μm) in fostering batch-wise organic reactions. Overall, this approach reveals its potential exploitation as an energy-efficient source to assemble biologically engaging (hetero)arenebisindolylmethanes framework, in the same way, that assure its sustainable development as for efficient generation of small libraries of molecules comparable to high-tech instrumentations performances.

Improvement of Filtration Properties of Treated Nigerian Bentonitic Clay Using Locally Sourced Bio-Materials

Exploitation of Nigerian bentonitic clay deposit will offer economic advantage in terms of utilization for drilling purpose and prevent money spent on importation. Clay used for this analysis was beneficiated using sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) and the change in the elemental composition of the raw clay sample and treated clay with was estimated using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The treated clay and locally sourced bio-materials were added to the formulation of drilling fluid using Reduced Central Composite Design (RCCD). The fluid loss and cake thickness of prepared drilling fluid were determined using filter loss test kit. The result of the investigation show that the maximum recorded fluid loss was 14.4 ml/30mins at 100 psi while cake thickness values improved with addition of the bio-materials to the drilling fluid formulation when compared with the standard values.

Influence of Ca2+ in the rheological properties and filtration of bentonitic clay dispersions in aqueous drilling fluids

The physicochemical characteristics of cations may be able to modify the rheological properties of bentonite clays, such as their loads, exchangeable cation sizes adsorbed on clay minerals, hydration behaviors and different intercalations with the bentonite structural layer effect of the cations present on the rheology of dispersions of bentonite clays. In this way, the objective was to study the influence of Ca2+ on the rheological and filtration properties of dispersions of new occurrences of bentonite clays from the State of Paraíba, Brazil, in aqueous drilling fluids. Four bentonite clays were selected, being characterized chemically, physically and mineralogically. Sodium carbonate was then added to the clays, and the rheological and filtration behavior of their dispersions were studied. The results showed the direct influence of the Ca2+ present and its implications, resulting from physicochemical interactions, on the rheological and filtration properties of dispersions of bentonite clays.

Composite Sorbent Filter Material on the Basis of Man-Caused and Minerals

It is about problems in purification of industrial wastewater and utilization of solid wastes as raw materials resources which are needed a scientific way of studying. The way of generation composite granular sorbent filter material on the basis of man-caused and minerals, using which is allowed to increase ecological safety food industry enterprise because of using waste conversion technique, as well modern methods of sorption purification , is offered and described here. A detailed chemical composition, which consists of tobacco dust and natural component as bentonitic clay, using for getting granular sorbent filter material, is studied. They studied real industrial wastewater to make researches for the detection residual impurity in the filtrate using composite granular sorbent filter material.

Thixotropic evaluation of bentonitic clay dispersions modified with nonionic surfactants for organic drilling fluids

The use of nonionic surfactants to modify the surface of bentonite is still quite restricted, although many advantages of that method can be found in the literature, like superior stability and low toxicity. On the other hand, problems involving the fluidity and viscosity of dispersions used in organic drilling fluids have become more and more challenging to colloid science. Therefore, the present study had the purpose of assessing the thixotropic behavior of dispersions of Brazilian bentonite organophilizated with nonionic surfactants for use in organic drilling fluids. Bentonite samples were organophilizated by a combination of two nonionic surfactants, being the process evaluated by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis, in which the amount of nonionic surfactants incorporated was quantified. Fluid evaluation followed current standards. The flow curves of the organophilic clays revealed pseudoplastic behavior and the presence of hysteresis, which suggested thixotropy, with a relation between the thixotropy and the apparent viscosity of the final dispersions. Most of the process parameters evaluated showed significant effects on the value of d001 and the overall performance. Factors like clay type and organophilization method also directly affect the thixotropic behavior of dispersions. One of the samples can be considered promising for use in organic drilling fluids.

Valorization of Some Untreated Low Cost Adsorbents for Water Pollution Control

The present article describes the adsorption behavior of some low cost adsorbents such as olive waste, maize cobs, bentonitic clay, wheat bran, coal ash and coffee waste, with respect to Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. The batch method was used and parameters such as electrical conductivity, pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial and final concentration of metal ions were studied. All used adsorbents were effective, but coal ash was most effective, with total removal for all ions of over 90%, with highest percentage removal from 99.2% for Zn2+ ions and 97.5% of Pb2+. Maize cob was an effective adsorbent with maximal percentage removal of 92.6% for Zn2+ ions, wheat bran had highest removal of 93.7% for Pb2+ ions as did olive waste, 97% for Pb2+ ions. Coffe waste offers considerable promise as a low-cost natural adsorbent with highest efficiency in removal of Pb2+ with 97.5% while bentonitic clay having a structure with net negative charge, which is neutralized by positively charged species, resulted also as an effective low cost adsorbent with max total removal from 92.7% for Pb2+ to 80.9% for Zn2+ ions.