Design and Synthesis of Some New Derivatives of Chlorobenzyl-Oxy-Phenyl-Ethyl-Thio-1H-Tetrazole and Study Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity

In recent years tetrazole scaffolds have been attracted interest in the field of synthetic and medicinal chemistry research. The unique structure of the tetrazole derivatives exhibits widespread applications in biology and technology. The close structural resemblance with carboxylic acid acts as a booster of the latter. Due to this diversified potential utilization, several methods are reported for the synthesis of tetrazole scaffolds. Here in this chapter, we describe the synthesis of chlorobenzyl-oxy-phenyl-ethyl-thio-1H-tetrazole derivatives ( 6a-p ). The newly synthesized derivatives are characterized by spectral characterization and screened for their antifungal activity. Among these, some of the newly synthesized compounds show potent antifungal activity.

The beryllium fluoride form of the Na+,K+-ATPase and the intermediates of the functional cycle

The Na+,K+-ATPase generates electrochemical gradients of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane. Here, we describe a 4.0 Å resolution crystal structure of the pig kidney Na+,K+-ATPase stabilized by beryllium fluoride (denoted E2-BeFx). The structure shows high resemblance to the E2P phosphoenzyme obtained by phosphorylation from inorganic phosphate (Pi) and stabilised by cardiotonic steroids, and reveals a Mg2+ bound near the ion binding site II. Anomalous Fourier analysis of the crystals soaked in Rb+ (K+ congener) followed by a low resolution rigid-body refinement (6.9-7.5 Å) revealed pre-occlusion transitions leading to activation of the desphosphorylation reaction. Mg2+ location indicates a site of an initial K+ recognition and acceptance upon binding to the outward-open E2P state after Na+ release. Despite the overall structural resemblance to the Pi-induced E2P phosphoform, BeFx inhibited enzyme is able to binds both ADP/ATP and ions, the features that relate E2-BeFx complex to an intermediate of the functional cycle of the Na+,K+-ATPase prior E2P.

Generating Sacred Space beyond Architecture: Stacked Stone Pagodas in Sixth-Century Northern China

A large number of stone blocks, stacked up in diminishing size to form pagodas, was discovered in northern China, primarily eastern Gansu and southeastern Shanxi. Their stylistic traits and inscriptions indicate the popularity of the practice of making stacked pagodas in the Northern dynasties (circa the fifth and sixth centuries CE). They display a variety of Buddhist imagery on surface, which is in contrast with the simplification of the structural elements. This contrast raises questions about how stone pagodas of the time were understood and how they related to contemporaneous pagoda buildings. This essay examines these stacked pagodas against the broader historical and artistic milieu, especially the practice of dedicating Buddhist stone implements, explores the way the stacked pagodas were made, displayed, and venerated, and discusses their religious significance generated beyond their structural resemblance to real buildings.

Exploration of Indolo-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Compounds as Anti-Tubercular Agents through Docking, ADMET and Drug Likeliness Studies

The resistance of Mycobacterium to anti-Mycobacterial drugs is a key stumbling block in its treatment. Exploration of diverse targets, the hunt for new chemical scaffolds, and different approaches to tuberculosis cure are all needed in this context. For growth and survival, Mycobacteria require oxidative phosphorylation. In Electron Transport System, the cytochrome B (QcrB) component is important for the bc1 complex's function, which is a clinical target for Q203 (Telacebec). This work includes the docking, ADMET, and Drug Likeliness profiles of indolo-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compounds. The structural resemblance of molecules to Q203 is the rationale behind the investigation. The chosen molecules follow the Lipinski rule of five. Out of 15 molecules, A12 and A13 can be investigated as potential therapeutic candidates after a thorough analysis of molecular docking, binding affinity, and ADMET profile. We suggest that these candidates are more likely to be used as anti-Mycobacterial agents or as beginning leads for creating novel and potent tubercular agents based on potential findings.

Random World and Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics (QM) predicts probabilities on the fundamental level which are, via Born probability law, connected to the formal randomness of infinite sequences of QM outcomes. Recently it has been shown that QM is algorithmic 1-random in the sense of Martin-Löf. We extend this result and demonstrate that QM is algorithmic ω-random and generic precisely as described by the ’miniaturisation’ of the Solovay forcing to arithmetic. This is extended further to the result that QM becomes Zermelo-Fraenkel Solovay random on infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Moreover it is more likely that there exists a standard transitive model of ZFC M where QM is expressed in reality than in the universe V of sets. Then every generic quantum measurement adds the infinite sequence, i.e. random real r ∈ 2ω , to M and the model undergoes random forcing extensions, M[r]. The entire process of forcing becomes the structural ingredient of QM and parallels similar constructions applied to spacetime in the quantum limit. This shows the structural resemblance of both in the limit. We discuss several questions regarding measurability and eventual practical applications of the extended Solovay randomness of QM. The method applied is the formalization based on models of ZFC, however, this is particularly well-suited technique to recognising randomness questions of QM. When one works in a constant model of ZFC or in axiomatic ZFC itself the issues considered here become mostly hidden.

In Planta Interaction and Transreplication of Distinct Begomoviruses and their Associated Components

The studies described here were intended to examine the transreplication and interactions abilities of a widespread ToLCNDV, and an emerging begomovirus PeLCV associated with its cognate betasatellite TbLCuB. PeLCV, a monopartite begomovirus, has been characterized from many important crops, vegetables and weeds along with its associated TbLCuB. The DNA-B of bipartite ToLCNDV genome has been successfully transreplicated by the DNA-A of different bipartite begomoviruses, albeit with low frequency. Whether PeLCV can transreplicate DNA-B of ToLCNDV is unknown. To unravel this notion, both these viruses were inoculated to the model Nicotiana benthamiana plants in all possible combinations and the in planta existence of viral components were verified by PCR and Southern blot hybridization. The results demonstrated that PeLCV transreplicated and maintained ToLCNDV DNA-B. Whereas, ToLCNDV DNA-A could not transreplicate TbLCuB. Analyses of Rep proteins structure of ToLCNDV and PeLCV revealed a structural resemblance, whereas putative iteron-binding sequences of PeLCV were compatible with the Rep-binding iterons of ToLCNDV-B. The results suggested that PeLCV and ToLCNDV DNA-B can interact synergistically and can be disastrous under field conditions. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

The Expressive Triad: Structure, Color, and Texture Similarity of Emotion Expressions Predict Impressions of Neutral Faces

Previous research has demonstrated how emotion resembling cues in the face help shape impression formation (i. e., emotion overgeneralization). Perhaps most notable in the literature to date, has been work suggesting that gender-related appearance cues are visually confounded with certain stereotypic expressive cues (see Adams et al., 2015 for review). Only a couple studies to date have used computer vision to directly map out and test facial structural resemblance to emotion expressions using facial landmark coordinates to estimate face shape. In one study using a Bayesian network classifier trained to detect emotional expressions structural resemblance to a specific expression on a non-expressive (i.e., neutral) face was found to influence trait impressions of others (Said et al., 2009). In another study, a connectionist model trained to detect emotional expressions found different emotion-resembling cues in male vs. female faces (Zebrowitz et al., 2010). Despite this seminal work, direct evidence confirming the theoretical assertion that humans likewise utilize these emotion-resembling cues when forming impressions has been lacking. Across four studies, we replicate and extend these prior findings using new advances in computer vision to examine gender-related, emotion-resembling structure, color, and texture (as well as their weighted combination) and their impact on gender-stereotypic impression formation. We show that all three (plus their combination) are meaningfully related to human impressions of emotionally neutral faces. Further when applying the computer vision algorithms to experimentally manipulate faces, we show that humans derive similar impressions from them as did the computer.

Random World and Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics (QM) predicts probabilities on the fundamental level which are, via Born probability law, connected to the formal randomness of infinite sequences of QM outcomes. Recently it has been shown that QM is algorithmic 1-random in the sense of Martin-Löf. We extend this result and demonstrate that QM is algorithmic ω-random and generic precisely as described by the ’miniaturisation’ of the Solovay forcing to arithmetic. This is extended further to the result that QM becomes Zermelo-Fraenkel Solovay random on infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Moreover it is more likely that there exists a standard transitive model of ZFC M where QM is expressed in reality than in the universe V of sets. Then every generic quantum measurement adds the infinite sequence, i.e. random real r ∈ 2ω, to M and the model undergoes random forcing extensions, M[r]. The entire process of forcing becomes the structural ingredient of QM and parallels similar constructions applied to spacetime in the quantum limit. This shows the structural resemblance of both in the limit. We discuss several questions regarding measurability and eventual practical applications of the extended Solovay randomness of QM. The method applied is the formalization based on models of ZFC, however, this is particularly well-suited technique to recognising randomness questions of QM. When one works in a constant model of ZFC or in axiomatic ZFC itself the issues considered here become mostly hidden.

Formation of lipid tubules induced by a sugar-like molecule myo-inositol

The sugar-like molecule myo-inositol (InOH) bears an uncanny structural resemblance to the pyranose form of the sugar ᴅ-glucose (DG). InOH and its derivatives play a pivotal role in cell biology...

The Trust Model of Children’s Rights

Is parental control over children best understood in terms of trusteeship or similar fiduciary obligations? This essay contemplates the elements of legal trusts and fiduciarity as they might relate to the moral relationship between children and parents. Though many accounts of upbringing advocate parent-child relationship models with structural resemblance to trust-like relationships, it is unclear who grants moral trusts, how trustees are actually selected, or how to identify proper beneficiaries. By considering these and other classical elements of relationships of trust, this essay seeks to clarify and explore the trust model’s role, if any, in understanding children’s rights. Such exploration raises the possibility that another element of common law, the duty to rescue, may serve to enhance the trust model of children’s rights.