Effectiveness measure for TAO model of three-way decisions with interval set

The basic idea of the three-way decisions (3WD) is ‘thinking in threes.’ The TAO (trisecting-acting-outcome) model of 3WD includes three components, trisect a whole into three reasonable regions, devise a corresponding strategy on the trisection, and measure the effectiveness of the outcome. By reviewing existing studies, we found that only a few papers touch upon the third component, i.e., measure the effect. This paper’s principal aim is to present an effectiveness measure framework consisting of three parts: a specific TAO model - Change-based TAO model, interval sets, and utility functions with unique characteristics. Specifically, the change-based TAO model provides a method to measure effectiveness based on the difference before and after applying a strategy or an action. First, we use interval sets to represent these changes when a strategy or an action is applied. These changes correspond to three different intervals. Second, we use the utility measurement method to figure out three change intervals. Namely, different utility measures correspond to the different intervals, concave utility metric, direct utility metric, and convex utility metric, respectively. Third, it aggregates the toll utility through the joint of the three utilities mentioned above. The weights among these three are adjusted by a dual expected utility function that conveys the decision-makers’ preferences. We give an example and experiment highlighting the validity and practicability of the utility measure method in the change-based TAO model of three-way decisions.

Change Management System (CMS) Evaluation: A Case Study in a Multinational Manufacturing Company in Malaysia

Changes can be defined as modification of the form, fit or function of an object such as a process or a product. Changes can be positive or negative but in general, making changes show that a company is progressing and improving. A company can choose to take initiative to change or just wait for external forces depending on its necessity or requirement. In some cases, change is not favourable unless it is really necessary as it involves time and money as well as other resources. Due to this, a good change management is necessary so that changes can be monitored effectively. A dynamic and timely change management is important in order to ensure that the company does not fall behind in being competitive in the industry. This study focuses on the evaluation of the change management system in a manufacturing company. Focus is given to the measurement of the change process which has been agreed to be due to cycle time in which an ideal cycle time for the change process is simulated. Based on Monte Carlo simulation, it is figured that the overall cycle time can be improved by 35%. At the same time, other effectiveness measure is also identified to improve the management system of the company.

Power Analysis for Two-Level Multisite Randomized Cost-Effectiveness Trials

Cost-effectiveness analysis is a widely used educational evaluation tool. The randomized controlled trials that aim to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the treatment are commonly referred to as randomized cost-effectiveness trials (RCETs). This study provides methods of power analysis for two-level multisite RCETs. Power computations take account of sample sizes, the effect size, covariates effects, nesting effects for both cost and effectiveness measures, the ratio of the total variance of the cost measure to the total variance of effectiveness measure, and correlations between cost and effectiveness measures at each level. Illustrative examples that show how power is influenced by the sample sizes, nesting effects, covariate effects, and correlations between cost and effectiveness measures are presented. We also demonstrate how the calculations can be applied in the design phase of two-level multisite RCETs using the software PowerUp!-CEA (Version 1.0).

New Traffic Conflict Measure Based on a Potential Outcome Model

A key issue in the analysis of traffic accidents is to quantify the effectiveness of a given evasive action taken by a driver to avoid crashing. Since 1977, the widely accepted definition for this effectiveness measure, which is called traffic conflict, has been “the risk of a collision if the driver movement remains unchanged.” Although the definition is expressed counterfactually, the full power of counterfactual analysis was not utilized. In this paper, we propose a counterfactual measure of traffic conflict called Counterfactual Based Conflict (CBC). The CBC is interpreted as the probability that a driver avoided a crash actually by taking an evasive action in the counterfactual situation in which the crash would have occurred if he/she had not taken an evasive action and the crash would not have occurred if he/she had taken an evasive action. The CBC captures realistic aspects of the traffic situation, and lends itself to modern causal analysis. In addition, we provide some of identification conditions for the CBC. Furthermore, we formulate bounds on the CBC when the proposed identification conditions are violated. Finally, through an application of the CBC to the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study, we discuss the usefulness and limitations of the proposed measure.

Pengembangan Aplikasi Mobile untuk Mempermudah Pencarian Informasi Rute Angkutan Kota di Bandung

<span class="fontstyle0">In the fast globalization era, people need good public transportation facilities to easily carry out their daily activities. However, public transportation such as angkutan kota mostly is not preferred compared to other modes of public transportation because it is difficult to acquire necessary information regarding angkutan kota routes in one area. This research aims to develop a mobile application to enhance the process of acquiring information of angkutan kota routes in Bandung. Eight potential users of the developed application were involved as participants in the research, from the identification of user needs through interviews and usability testing, the selection of design concept, to the evaluation of prototype. Based on the thirteen identified user needs, we developed two alternative design concepts from which we chose one best concept to be developed further into a prototype. The evaluation of the prototype through usability testing showed that the developed mobile application has good usability with 73% of efficiency measure, 90% of effectiveness measure, 78% of learnability measure and System Usability Score (SUS) of 71,25.</span>