COMPLEX GEOMETRIC EVALUATION OF POLYMER MATERIALS QUALITY

A computational technique of comparative evaluation of polymer material quality in a homogeneous set of samples according to a complex geometric criterion is proposed. Samples of physical and mechanical parameters of samples of industrial impact-resistant polystyrene are used for calculation. The most averaged complex of physical and mechanical properties is used as the calculation base.

Transfer of Pollutants from Macrocystis pyrifera to Tetrapygus niger in a Highly Impacted Coastal Zone of Chile

PAHs and heavy metals are characteristic pollutants in urbanized coastal areas, especially those with industrial activity. Given this context and the ability of Macrocystis pyrifera to drift when detached and provide trophic subsidy in coastal systems, we analyzed the potential transfer of pollutants to the herbivore Tetrapygus niger, through diet, in an industrialized coastal zone in Central Chile (Caleta Horcón) and characterized the impacted zone using diverse polluted ecotoxicological indices. For this purpose, a culture experiment was conducted where M. pyrifera individuals from Algarrobo (control site) were cultivated in Caleta Horcón and then used as food for T. niger. The contents of both PAHs and heavy metal contents were subsequently determined in algal tissue and sea urchin gonads as well as in the seawater. The results show that algae cultivated in Caleta Horcón had higher concentrations of naphthalene (NAF) compared to those from a low industrial impact zone (Algarrobo) (2.5 and 1.8 mg kg−1, respectively). The concentrations of Cu, As, and Cd were higher in Caleta Horcón than in Algarrobo in both M. pyrifera and T. niger. For all metals, including Pb, higher concentrations were present in T. niger than in M. pyrifera (between 5 and 798 times higher). Additionally, as indicated by the toxicological indices MPI (0.00804) and PLI (10.89), Caleta Horcón is highly contaminated with metals compared to Algarrobo (0.0006 and 0.015, respectively). Finally, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and trophic transfer factor (TTF) values were greater than one in most cases, with values in Caleta Horcón exceeding those in Algarrobo by one or two orders of magnitude. This study provides evidence that Caleta Horcón is a highly impacted zone (HIZ) compared to Algarrobo, in addition to evidence that the biomagnification of certain pollutants, including the possible responses to contaminants, are apparently not exclusively transferred to T. niger through diet.

Assessing Industrial Impact on Water Sustainability in El Bajío, Guanajuato State, Mexico

Five municipalities in El Bajío present the highest industrial investments: Celaya, Irapuato, León, Salamanca, and Silao. Public and private investments, further to the support received from the government, have been decisive to industrialize the zone. The official discourse to encourage these activities has emphasized the economic and social benefits for inhabitants, the decrease in the use of water volumes, and the consequent improvement of water sources in each region. The main objective of the present work is to present a global industrial impact index to evaluate the industrial impact on water management by analyzing the evolution of some parameters regarding the official data available, in order to determine whether the industry has a positive outcome on the environmental, social, economic and hydrological aspects. For this study, we use Fuzzy Logic (FL) to complete a previous study, which was conducted using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A combination of both approaches is used to define the global impact of industrialization, and the results obtained show that the benefits claimed by governmental policies are not being achieved. The use of this proposed index may guide the decision-making processes to encourage water sustainability.

Development of a standard solution for agricultural use of productive lands in Moscow region

The relevance of the research is to justify one of the possible ways to link the results of agricultural land use with their quality and measures of agro-industrial impact. The aim of the study was to identify the correlation between the sets of variables that characterize various aspects of agricultural land use in the Moscow region. The obtained results and conclusions of the research can be used for formation an interregional platform for the exchange of experience and knowledge, preparation analytical materials for relevant government decisions aimed at acceleration of innovative development in rural areas, and draw up and update longterm national and regional programs of economic development.

Palladium-Catalyzed Carboformylation Enabled by a Molecular Shuffling Process

<p>Hydroformylation, a reaction which installs both a C–H bond and an aldehyde group across an unsaturated substrate, is one of the most important catalytic reactions both in industry and academia. Given the synthetic importance of creating new C–C bonds, and the widespread academic and industrial impact of <i>hydroformylation</i>, the development of <i>carboformylation</i> reactions, wherein a new C–C bond is formed instead of a C–H bond, would bear enormous synthetic potential to rapidly increase molecular complexity in the synthesis of valuable aldehydes. However, the demanding complexity inherent in a four-component reaction, utilizing an exogenous CO source, has made the development of a direct carboformylation reaction a formidable challenge. Here, we describe a molecular shuffling strategy featuring the use of readily available aroyl chlorides as a carbon electrophile and CO source, in tandem with a sterically congested hydrosilane, to perform a stereoselective carboformylation of alkynes under palladium catalysis. An extension of this protocol to four chemodivergent carbonylations further highlights the creative opportunity offered by this molecular shuffling strategy in carbonylation chemistry.</p>

Palladium-Catalyzed Carboformylation Enabled by a Molecular Shuffling Process

<p>Hydroformylation, a reaction which installs both a C–H bond and an aldehyde group across an unsaturated substrate, is one of the most important catalytic reactions both in industry and academia. Given the synthetic importance of creating new C–C bonds, and the widespread academic and industrial impact of <i>hydroformylation</i>, the development of <i>carboformylation</i> reactions, wherein a new C–C bond is formed instead of a C–H bond, would bear enormous synthetic potential to rapidly increase molecular complexity in the synthesis of valuable aldehydes. However, the demanding complexity inherent in a four-component reaction, utilizing an exogenous CO source, has made the development of a direct carboformylation reaction a formidable challenge. Here, we describe a molecular shuffling strategy featuring the use of readily available aroyl chlorides as a carbon electrophile and CO source, in tandem with a sterically congested hydrosilane, to perform a stereoselective carboformylation of alkynes under palladium catalysis. An extension of this protocol to four chemodivergent carbonylations further highlights the creative opportunity offered by this molecular shuffling strategy in carbonylation chemistry.</p>