SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE “HYDROSPACE-GEOGLOWS 2021” WORKSHOP

This report summarises the main results, conclusions and recommendations of the “HYDROSPACE-GEOGLOWS 2021” Workshop organised by the European Space Agency (ESA), in collaboration with the French Space Agency (CNES) and the GEO Global Water Sustainability Initiative (GEOGloWS) (Fig. 1). This Workshop is a sequel to the ones held in Toulouse (F) in 2003, in Geneva (CH) in 2007 and in Frascati (I) in 2015. Nearly 300 scientists, engineers and managers registered to this virtual event from 41 countries from all time zones worldwide, submitting 123 papers with more than 500 co-authors. The inclusion in the programme of large time slots for discussion and the advance preparation of “Seed Questions” offered the opportunity to have a community discussion focused on the future challenges of Inland Water monitoring and prediction and the future observational requirements. A “Manifesto” was drawn-up from the discussion nourished by the participants. This report presents this “Manifesto”, highlights the state of the art presented in the sessions, summarises the discussions and provides recommendations and guidance for future mission design, research activities for enhancing processing algorithms and developing new ones, calibration and validation, sustainable data exploitation, dissemination, outreach, capacity building and co-designing applications and operational services.

Memaknai Ulang Ecclesia Domestica di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

The pandemic covid-19 has compeled Catholic families to pray at home instead of going to the Church every Sunday, and it changed the expression of their faith. This new condition helped families to realize their role as formators of spiritual life for the family members. The purpose of this research was to look out how the social distancing effects the role of the family as the formator for faith formation of their children during pandemic covid-19. The research conducted by qualitative and quantitative approach toward fivety Catholic families. Through this research it was shown that during covid-19 pandemic family had a big chance of doing the role as the Church Family (ecclesia domestica) that emphasizing the future mission of the Church is depending on the family life. The Church Family is understood as the smallest cell of the Church as the sacrament, the visible sign of God, and becomes a place for encountering the faithful to Jesus Christ in the world.Abstrak. Pandemi covid-19 telah memaksa keluarga-keluarga Kristiani untuk beribadah di rumah dan mengubah cara menggereja mereka. Situasi itu menjadikan keluarga menyadari perannya sebagai pembina utama hidup rohani anggota keluarga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana pengaruh pembatasan sosial terhadap peran keluarga dalam pendidikan iman anak di masa pandemi covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif terhadap 50 keluarga Katolik. Melalui penelitian ini diperoleh gambaran bahwa dalam masa pandemic covid-19 ini keluarga berkesempatan menjalankan peran sebagai Gereja keluarga (ecclesia domestica) yang menekankan masa depan pewartaan Gereja adalah melalui hidup keluarga. Gereja keluarga dipahami sebagai sel terkecil yang menjadi bagian dari Gereja sebagai sakramen, tanda yang kelihatan dari Allah, dan menjadi medan pertemuan orang beriman dengan Yesus Kristus di dunia.

Modulating Protein–Protein Interactions by Cyclic and Macrocyclic Peptides. Prominent Strategies and Examples

Cyclic and macrocyclic peptides constitute advanced molecules for modulating protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Although still peptide derivatives, they are metabolically more stable than linear counterparts, and should have a lower degree of flexibility, with more defined secondary structure conformations that can be adapted to imitate protein interfaces. In this review, we analyze recent progress on the main methods to access cyclic/macrocyclic peptide derivatives, with emphasis in a few selected examples designed to interfere within PPIs. These types of peptides can be from natural origin, or prepared by biochemical or synthetic methodologies, and their design could be aided by computational approaches. Some advances to facilitate the permeability of these quite big molecules by conjugation with cell penetrating peptides, and the incorporation of β-amino acid and peptoid structures to improve metabolic stability, are also commented. It is predicted that this field of research could have an important future mission, running in parallel to the discovery of new, relevant PPIs involved in pathological processes.

Atmospheric chemistry on Uranus and Neptune

Comparatively little is known about atmospheric chemistry on Uranus and Neptune, because remote spectral observations of these cold, distant ‘Ice Giants’ are challenging, and each planet has only been visited by a single spacecraft during brief flybys in the 1980s. Thermochemical equilibrium is expected to control the composition in the deeper, hotter regions of the atmosphere on both planets, but disequilibrium chemical processes such as transport-induced quenching and photochemistry alter the composition in the upper atmospheric regions that can be probed remotely. Surprising disparities in the abundance of disequilibrium chemical products between the two planets point to significant differences in atmospheric transport. The atmospheric composition of Uranus and Neptune can provide critical clues for unravelling details of planet formation and evolution, but only if it is fully understood how and why atmospheric constituents vary in a three-dimensional sense and how material coming in from outside the planet affects observed abundances. Future mission planning should take into account the key outstanding questions that remain unanswered about atmospheric chemistry on Uranus and Neptune, particularly those questions that pertain to planet formation and evolution, and those that address the complex, coupled atmospheric processes that operate on Ice Giants within our solar system and beyond. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Future exploration of ice giant systems’.

Biosignature surveys to exoplanet yields and beyond

ABSTRACT Upcoming biosignature searches focus on indirect indicators to infer the presence of life on other worlds. Aside from just signalling the presence of life, however, some biosignatures can contain information about the state that a planet’s biosphere has achieved. This additional information can be used to measure what fractions of planets achieve certain key stages, corresponding to the advent of life, photosynthesis, multicellularity, and technological civilization. We forecast the uncertainties of each measurement for upcoming surveys, and outline the key factors that determine these uncertainties. Our approach is probabilistic and relies on large numbers of candidates rather than detailed examination of individual exoplanet spectra. The dependence on survey size, likeliness of the transition, and several measures of degrees of confidence are discussed, including discussion of geological false positives in biosignatures as well as how combining data from different missions can affect the inference. Our analysis should influence policy recommendations for future mission design and strategy to minimize the impact of measurement uncertainties.

OCO-3 Snapshot Area Mapping Mode: Early Results

<p>The NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) was launched on May 4, 2019 to the International Space Station and has been taking measurements since August. OCO-3, like its predecessor OCO-2, makes hyperspectral measurements of reflected sunlight in three near-infrared bands. However, one of the unique features of OCO-3 is its ability to scan large contiguous areas on the order of 80 km by 80 km using a pointing mirror assembly. This capability, known as snapshot area mapping (SAM) mode, is being used to look at cities, forests, volcanos, and multiple other areas that are of interest to the carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) scientific communities. For example, OCO-3 can measure column-mean CO<sub>2</sub> (XCO<sub>2</sub>) over the entire Los Angeles, CA basin during the span of only two minutes. With several hundred SAMs having been collected so far and upwards of 25 possible per day, there is a wealth of data to investigate for scientific features and for any potential instrument biases. Additionally, this type of dense sampling will be a proof-of-concept for multiple future wide-swath CO<sub>2</sub> missions. Here, we present several OCO-3 SAM mode measurements and discuss interesting features, XCO<sub>2</sub> results, and future mission plans.</p>