scholarly journals Нарушенные парные погребения кожумбердынской культурной группы эпохи поздней бронзы Южного Зауралья

Author(s):  
Yanina V. Rafikova ◽  

This article aims at discussing the time and the character (pragmatic or ritual) of disturbances in paired burials of Kozhumberdy cultural group of Late Bronze Alakul´ Culture in the Southern Urals and Western Kazakhstan. Data. The object of the study are Kozhumberdy paired burials, which were deliberately disturbed, including 19 simultaneous and 3 non-simultaneous graves. Results. The simultaneous burials are divided into two groups according to the degree of skeletal impairment. In the first group the remains of both deceased are equally broken; there are 10 of such burials. The skeletal impairment of pelvic and/or femur bones prevail. In the second group the remains of one of the deceased are broken to a greater degree; there are 9 such burials. As a rule, the female bones suffered more: the skull manipulation (removal, breaking) is their characteristic feature. The fact of the presence of vessels in situ in most graves and the accuracy with which the penetration was accomplished may serve as the evidence of the disturbances made by the contemporaries of the buried. There seems to be no pragmatic purpose for such disturbances: the absence of prestigious grave-goods in most undisturbed paired burials may serve as the indirect indication of this fact. This is supported by direct evidence as well because those who disturbed the graves were apparently not interested in the valuable jewelry; it was left in the disturbed part of the grave. Notably, the disturbance of non-simultaneous burials is like that of simultaneous graves: the skeletons are broken down to the pelvic and/or femur bones (1) and the skulls are removed (2). Conclusions. The disturbance of Kozhumberdy paired burials was carried out during post-burial rituals performed by the contemporaries of the deceased.

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-100
Author(s):  
Liudmila Anatolyevna Kraeva

The article deals with the pottery from the Sarmatian burial grounds of the Southern Urals and Western Kazakhstan. Pottery was placed in the graves of the representatives of all social stratums of the nomadic population. In more expensive imported dishes were usually placed. Sarmatian ceramics was actively used both in household and in religious ceremonies. Specially produced vessels for burial rites are found in the graves, as well as utensils already used in the household, including those repaired. The author points out the signs which prove that the pottery had been in household use before being placed in the grave: the presence of soot on the inner and outer walls of the vessels; grease stains and traces of boiling over liquid food; repair marks; (broken handles, chipped edges of the vessels, etc.); scuff marks and homemade polishing; the change of color on the surface the vessel and on the layers of the potsherds. The characteristics proving that the pottery was specially manufactured burial rites include: the use of raw materials with rough natural impurities; poor quality battering (uneven distribution of tempers); negligence in the moulding; short-term exposure to temperatures below 450 C during firing;) the absence of soot on the walls of the vessel; the absence of repair marks. The examination of the surface of the vessels and experimental work let the author make an assumption about the functional use of some types of pottery.


Author(s):  
S.A. Abiev ◽  
◽  
T.E. Darbayeva ◽  
A.N. Sarsenova ◽  
◽  
...  

The article deals with the historical reconstruction of flora and macromycetes of the floodplain forests of the Ural River. The length of the entire river is 2428 km, over 1000 km in Western Kazakhstan. Floodplain forests are developed in three genetic parts: riverbed, central and near-terrace. Primary and derivative forests are distinguished according to the forest structure. The leading factor in the formation of the Ural River valley is geology and relief, in connection with which 4 natural regions have been identified for their floristic (630 plant species) and mycological diversity (77 macromycetes species). The course of evolution and transformation of the floromycological composition of forest communities is analyzed according to the composition of historical formations. In the studied region, 13 suites were identified in the understanding of G.M. Zozulin, among them, 6 suites that stand out well in modern floodplain forests are considered in more detail. When establishing the formations, the character of the modern distribution of species, there was considered their cenotic confinement, genetic relationships of individual species, the rhythm of development, and the vitality of species in the community. The process of the formation of the floromycological complex of floodplain forests is based on relict and migratory elements, enriched, and settled from the Southern Urals, as well as from the valley of the left tributaries of the Volga and Common Syrt. The formation of which took a long time from the Miocene to the Holocene.


2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Meyram Nurlanuly Duisengali

This article is devoted to the heritage analysis of the Boris Fedorovich Zhelezchikov - the sarmatology scientist. It considers its contribution to the study of early nomads of the Southern Urals. The main target of the article is the generalization of theoretical development of famous researcher of Volga-Ural region. The scientific interests of researsher were linked with genesis questions of Savromatian and early Sarmatian cultures, with household activity and social and religious beliefs of nomads. He was elaborating the problem of the origin, of the chronology and the process of creating a culture of nomads of the Early Iron Age of the Southern Urals. Many of the provisions made by him, ideas and hypotheses are not lost its relevance todayHistorical adjustments introduced by B. Zhelezchikov in the reconstruction of historical and cultural situation in the region were developed in the works of his students and followers. Article describes field researchers work in 70-ies of Twentieth century. During this period, Zhelezchikov teamed up with archaeologists G.A. Kushaev, M.G. Moshkova and V.A. Krieger conducted extensive archaeological excavations at the previously little-studied areas of Western Kazakhstan. As a result of many years of field work at times was increased the range of the studied monuments, the new unique complexes became the property of the science. The research base of history was refilled for further summarizing works.


2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Alexander D. Tairov ◽  

A political and economic strategy is one of the forms of social adaptation to external conditions unconsciously or consciously adopted in the society. There are two main political and economic strategies in all types of societies from states to groups and at different levels of social integration (from households and above): network and corporate ways. But only one of them can dominate under specific historical conditions. The adopted political and economic strategy may be clearly seen in the funeral ritual of the society. The archaeological indicators of the network strategy are one-grave kurgans, monumental burial structures, a magnificent burial rite, a wealth of grave goods, including a large number of precious objects, a significant number of “priestly” burials of various ranks. The indicators of the corporate strategy are the multi-burial mounds, the absence of large burial structures, the simplicity and standardization of burial structures, rituals and grave goods. The main efforts of society are directed at the construction of monumental public buildings, primarily sanctuaries and temples, which symbolized the community as a whole. A dramatic change in the funeral ritual may also reflect a change in political and economic strategy. The transformation of the funeral ritual among the nomads in the Southern Urals, which took place in the Early Sarmatian time, records a change in the political and economic strategy. The transition from the network strategy that dominated from the second half of the 6th — the late 5th centuries BC to the corporate strategy ends in the late 4th — early 3rd centuries BC. This change in the political and economic strategy was due to the sharply increased instability of society during the environmental crisis in the 4th century BC caused by an abrupt aridification.


2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid T. Yablonsky† ◽  
Mikhail Yu. Treister

Abstract Under the eastern outer edge of Burial-mound 1 in the Filippovka-1 cemetery near the edge of the mound a grave-pit was discovered which was untouched by looters. The grave goods in this female burial numbered approximately 1200 objects used for various purposes: they included objects from the Achaemenid range, which bear witness to the influences exerted by Achaemenid culture on the material and spiritual culture of the local nomads. This article is a publication of those objects (jewellery items, utensils, vessels made of silver, glass and stone) and their attribution, which makes it possible with varying degrees of probability to date them and to determine the centre of production from which they came.


Author(s):  
Alexander Khokhlov ◽  
Egor Kitov ◽  
Yulia Kapinus

Introduction. The work focuses on anthropological materials of the border between two areals: the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures of the Bronze Age. New data is based on the burial grounds of the Kozhumberdy type of the Alakul culture from Western Kazakhstan. Methods and materials. The authors compare the craniological series which are formed according to the geographical localization of the monuments and modern archaeological ideas about their cultural interpretation. Analysis. As a result of statistical analysis, the craniological series of the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures are morphologically quite close, but the latter show higher variability of characteristics. More close to each other are samples of female skulls which show that the formation of physical characteristics of these populations occurred on a single anthropological substrate. Initially, carriers of different caucasoid complexes, mainly of steppe origin, and in a small proportion of the uraloid ones took part in the process. The populations of the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures for a long time interacted with each other. This is reflected in the materials of syncretic Srubnaya-Alakul monuments, as well as in the craniological characteristics of the population of these cultural entities. Judging by morphological features of the skulls, the eastern group of the Alakul population also contacted the collectives of the Fedorovo version of the Andronovo culture of Kazakhstan. The participation of any groups of Central Asian origin in the composition of Alakul populations is not denied, but if it took place, it was most likely of a secondary nature due to the incorporation of certain representatives of a foreign population. Results. The results and conclusions of this work should be used in historical reconstructions of the processes of the formation, development and extinction of the Bronze Age archaeological communities in the area of the VolgaUrals and Western Kazakhstan.


2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50
Author(s):  
Sergeï Gutsalov

Abstract This article publishes interesting burials of ancient nomads dating from the end of the 3rd, 2nd or 1st centuries BC from the Dongulyuk II and Volodarka I tumuli necropoleis in the West of Kazakhstan. Materials from these funerary sites include some quite rare finds: phalerae, belt plates bearing depictions of confronting winged dragons, two-handled infantry swords used by warriors on foot and other objects relating to the life of nomads. The funerary rite – including such elements as burials in pits with ledges or in catacombs, the laying out of horses’ skulls on ledges, the arrangement of the deceased with their heads pointing to the north or south – indicates that the cultural links of the nomads from the southern foothills of the Urals at the end of the 1st millennium BC were orientated towards Central Asia. If it is borne in mind that many objects among the accompanying grave goods can also be associated with the eastern half of the Eurasian steppes, then it would seem highly likely that the nomads had originally come from northern China, moving west and migrating into eastern Europe including the southern Urals.


Author(s):  
O. A. Orlova ◽  
Al. V. Tevelev ◽  
D. A. Mamontov ◽  
E. V. Anikeeva

Numerous plant remains were first found in the Upper Carboniferous of Western slope of the Southern Urals (locality Karantrav). Plant remains are represented by cone and stem lycopsid imprints, and sporadical stem imprints of arthrophytes. A brief stratigraphic characteristic of the studied locality is given. Studied plant assemblage are represented by Lepidodendron ophiurus Brongniart, L. vaselgense Anikeeva et O. Orlova, sp. nov., Lepidodendron. sp., Lepidostrobus tevelevii O. Orlova, Mamontov et Anikeeva, sp. nov., L. ronnaensis Bek et Oplustil, Knorria sp., Calamites sp. и Mesocalamites ramifer (Stur) Hirmer. In-situ microspores of Lycospora-type were discovered in the sporangia of some strobili of genus of Lepidostrobus. Four lycopsid species (two are new) were described.


2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Kaiser ◽  
Katja Winger

Grubengräber mit spezifischen Bestattungssitten, die in Grabhügeln im Balkan- und Karpatengebiet ausgegraben wurden, werden seit langem der Jamnaja-Kultur zugeschrieben. Die Gräber der Jamnaja-Kultur sind zwischen 3100 und 2500 v. Chr. (kalibriert) vor allem in der osteuropäischen Steppenzone zwischen den Ostkarpaten und dem südlichen Uralvorland verbreitet. Das Auftreten von vergleichbaren Grabanlagen westlich dieser Hauptverbreitungszone wurde immer wieder mit Migrationen aus der Steppe erklärt, deren Verlauf sehr unterschiedlich gedeutet wurde.Seit der umfassenden Studie von I. Panajotov ist die Zahl an archäologisch untersuchten Grabhügeln im heutigen Bulgarien angewachsen, so dass die darin freigelegten Grubengräber neu bewertet werden können. Insgesamt 162 Gräber weisen charakteristische Kennzeichen auf, die es erlauben, sie der Jamnaja-Kultur zuzuordnen. Sie lassen sich in drei regionale Gruppen im Nordwesten, Nordosten und im Süden des heutigen Bulgariens unterteilen.Eine Serie von 14C-Daten zeigt, dass die Gräber in den drei Regionen zwischen 3100 und 2500 cal BC angelegt wurden, was für eine Zuwanderung über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg spricht. Insbesondere in Thrakien belegt die Beigabe von Gefäßen aus dem lokalen Kulturmilieu in den Bestattungen der Jamnaja-Kultur einen intensiven Kontakt der Zuwanderer mit der Bevölkerung, die dort in den Tellsiedlungen lebte.Die Steinstelen und die Ausstattung der Verstorbenen in den westpontischen Grabkomplexen mit Spiralringen sind Attribute, wie sie aus Bestattungen der Jamnaja-Kultur im nordwestlichen Schwarzmeerraum überliefert sind. Daher wird diese als Herkunftsregion der vermutlich eher kleineren Populationsgruppen diskutiert, die über mehrere Jahrhunderte hinweg in das heutige Bulgarien einwanderten. Soweit die immer noch nur auf Gräbern beruhende Quellenlage überhaupt verlässliche Rückschlüsse zulässt, ergibt sich ein Bild kommunikativer Prozesse, die zwischen der lokalen und der zugewanderten Bevölkerung stattfanden. Die in der Forschung wiederholt beschworene Überlegenheit seitens der Steppenbewohner ist in den Befunden nirgends zu erkennen.Les tombes à fosses avec rites funéraires spécifiques fouillées dans les Balkans et la région des Carpates ont depuis longtemps été attribuées à la culture Yamna. Ces sépultures, qui datent entre environ 3100 et 2500 cal BC, sont réparties avant tout dans la zone des steppes d’Europe orientale, entre les Carpates et les régions limitrophes de l’Oural du sud. La présence de tombes semblables à l’ouest de cette zone a été considérée à maintes reprises comme preuve d’une immigration de populations venant des steppes, bien que les modalités de cette immigration aient été interprétées de manières diverses.Depuis la parution des travaux exhaustifs d’I. Panajatov, le nombre de tumuli fouillés sur le territoire de la Bulgarie moderne s’est accru, ce qui nous permet de réévaluer les tombes à fosses qu’ils contenaient. En tout 162 tombes exhibent des traits caractéristiques de la culture Yamna. Elles peuvent être classées en trois groupes répartis sur le nord-ouest, le nord-est et le sud de la Bulgarie actuelle.Une série de dates radiocarbone indique que les tombes à fosses de ces trois régions ont été établies entre 3100 et 2500 cal BC, ce qui laisse penser à une migration sur une durée prolongée. Le fait que des vases de production locale appartenant à une culture indigène aient été inclus dans le mobilier des sépultures Yamna en Thrace suggère que des contacts étroits existaient entre les immigrants et la population autochtone qui à cette époque habitaient des tells.Les stèles en pierre et la présence d’anneaux en spirale dans le mobilier des ensembles funéraires à l’ouest du Pont-Euxin sont des traits qui surviennent dans les sépultures de la culture Yamna du nord-ouest de la Mer Noire. Cette constatation forme le point de départ d’une discussion qui cherche à déterminer la zone d’origine de groupes (vraisemblablement plus petits) qui auraient émigré en Bulgarie actuelle au cours de plusieurs siècles. Les données à notre disposition – uniquement funéraires – suggèrent que nous avons affaire à des processus de communication entre les populations indigènes et immigrantes. Il n’existe aucune preuve archéologique étayant la thèse si souvent réitérée d’une domination des peuplades venant des steppes.Pit graves with evidence of specific burial rites excavated in the Balkans and the Carpathians have long been attributed to the Yamnaya culture. These burials, dated to between 3100 and 2500 cal BC, are mainly distributed in the eastern European steppe zone between the eastern Carpathians and the area bordering the southern Urals. The presence of similar burials west of this zone has repeatedly been taken to be evidence of migration out of the steppes, although its course has been interpreted in a number of ways.Since I. Panayotov’s comprehensive study of these burials, the number of burial mounds excavated in present-day Bulgaria has grown, which makes it possible to re-examine the pit burials within them. A total of 162 graves possess characteristic traits of the Yamnaya culture. They can be divided into three regional groups, in the northwest, north-east and south of present-day Bulgaria.A series of 14C determinations dates the establishment of the pit graves in all three regions to between 3100 and 2600 cal BC, which suggests that migrations took place over an extended period. In particular the custom of including vessels belonging to an indigenous culture among the grave goods of the Yamnaya burials in Thrace suggests that there were close contacts between the immigrants and the local population that lived in tell settlements.Stone stelae and the inclusion of spiral rings among the grave goods of the western Pontic burial complexes are traits that have been recorded in the burials of the Yamnaya Culture in the north-western Black Sea zone. This forms the starting point of a discussion examining the area of origin of presumably smaller population groups that migrated to present-day Bulgaria over several centuries. As far as the evidence – which still relies on burials only – allows, it appears that we are dealing with processes of communication between the local and the immigrant population. There is no archaeological evidence for the dominance of the steppe people repeatedly cited in the literature.


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