Sensor Selection and Placement for Track Switch Condition Monitoring through Validated Structural Digital Twin Models of Train–Track Interactions

Railway track switches experience high failure rates, which can be reduced by monitoring their structural health. The results obtained from a validated Finite Element (FE) model for train–track switch interaction have been introduced to support sensor selection and placement. For the FE models with nominal and damaged rail profiles, virtual strain sensor measurements have been obtained after converting the true strains to engineering strains. Comparisons for the strains before and after the introduction of the fault have demonstrated greater amplitude for the strains after fault introduction. The highest difference in strain amplitude is in the vertical direction, followed by the longitudinal and lateral directions.

How set switching affects the use of context-appropriate language by autistic and neuro-typical children

Autistic children have difficulties in adapting their language for particular listeners and contexts. We asked whether these difficulties are more prominent when children are required to be cognitively flexible, when changing how they have previously referred to a particular object. We compared autistic ( N = 30) with neuro-typical 5- to 7-year-olds. Each child participated in two conditions. In the switch condition, the same animal had to be re-described across trials to be appropriately informative (e.g. a participant could appropriately describe a picture as ‘dog’ on one trial but later the participant needed to re-describe the same picture as ‘spotty dog’ to differentiate it from a co-present black dog). In the no-switch condition, no picture needed to be re-described. Nonetheless, the conditions were matched regarding the requirement to use both complex (e.g. spotty cat) versus simple expressions (e.g. horse). Autistic children were more over-informative than peers even prior to the requirement to re-describe an animal. Overall, we found a main effect of the switch condition and no interaction with group. Switching a description hinders the ability of children to be appropriately informative. As autistic children are generally less appropriately informative, the requirement to switch leads to particularly poor performance in autism. Lay abstract The way autistic individuals use language often gives the impression that they are not considering how much information listeners need in a given context. The same child can give too much information in one context (e.g. saying ‘the big cup’ with only one cup present) and too little information in another context (e.g. entering a room and announcing ‘the red one’ when the listener has no prior knowledge regarding what this refers to). We asked whether many autistic children particularly struggle to tailor their language appropriately in situations where this means changing how they have previously described something. That is, if a speaker has recently described an object as ‘the cup’, the need to switch to describing it as ‘the big cup’ could hinder the speaker’s ability to use language in a context-appropriate way. We found that switching descriptions indeed makes it more difficult for children to use language in a context-appropriate way, but that this effect did not play out differently for autistic versus neuro-typical children. Autistic children were, however, less likely to provide a context-appropriate amount of information overall than were neuro-typical peers. The combination of these effects meant that when object re-description was required, autistic children only produced an appropriate description half the time. In contrast, without a requirement to re-describe, autistic children could indeed take listener informational needs into account. Applied professionals should consider whether a requirement to change the way the child has previously said something may hinder a child’s ability to communicate effectively.

On the Nature of the Word-Reduction Phenomenon: The Contribution of Bilingualism

Word reduction refers to how predictable words are shortened in features such as duration, intensity, or pitch. However, its origin is still unclear: Are words reduced because it is the second time that conceptual representations are activated, or because words are articulated twice? If word reduction is conceptually driven, it would be irrelevant whether the same referent is mentioned twice but using different words. However, if is articulatory, using different words for the same referent could prevent word reduction. In the present work, we use bilingualism to explore the conceptual or articulatory origin of word reduction in language production. Word reduction was compared in two conditions: a non-switch condition, where the two mentions of a referent were uttered in the same language, and a switch condition, where the referent was said in both languages. Dyads of participants completed collaborative maps in which words were uttered twice in Catalan or in Spanish, either repeating or switching the language between mentions. Words were equally reduced in duration, intensity, and pitch in non-switch and in switch conditions. Furthermore, the cognate status of words did not play any role. These findings support the theory that word reduction is conceptually driven.

Sistem Minimum Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATmega2560 sebagai Sistem Pengaman pada Analogi Lemari Penyimpanan Brankas

A minimum system based on ATmega2560 microcontroller has been created that functioned as a safety system in the analogy of the cupboard for storage of the safes. Making the minimum system is done through a number of phases, namely integrating the system, programming against the microcontroller system, and validation test in the form of system performance measurement through giving the forced state. System integration is in the form of installing a device on two lines in the input port and two lines in the output port of the microcontroller. Programming is based on algorithms and the syntax of Arduino IDE-based through 6 (six) stages, namely pins configuration, variable and constants declaration, initialization, main program, retrieved and send data, and output. The validation test is carried out in the form of 4 (four) conditions, namely a) when the RFID module is not detected, b) when the card is detected by the RFID module, c) when the door is opened, and the buzzer is "on", the card is not detected when tagged on the antenna, and d) when the door is forcibly opened, and the buzzer is "on", while the card is detected when tagged on the antenna. Maximizing the security against the door of analogy the cupboard for storage of the safes is detected by the limit switch condition when the door is opened forcefully and the buzzer sounds. For neutralizing conditions for buzzer conditions, it is done through tagging an RFID card through the antenna. The buzzer still sounds, if the blank data is unreadable by the RFID module, while the buzzer can be neutralized if the card was tagged, the data card stored is read by the RFID module.

Transient Signals and Inattentional Blindness in a Multi-object Tracking Task

Inattentional blindness is a failure to notice an unexpected event when attention is directed elsewhere. The current study examined participants’ awareness of an unexpected object that maintained luminance contrast, switched the luminance once, or repetitively flashed. One hundred twenty participants performed a dynamic tracking task on a computer monitor for which they were instructed to count the number of movement deflections of an attended set of objects while ignoring other objects. On the critical trial, an unexpected cross that did not change its luminance (control condition), switched its luminance once (switch condition), or repetitively flashed (flash condition) traveled across the stimulus display. Participants noticed the unexpected cross more frequently when the luminance feature matched their attention set than when it did not match. Unexpectedly, however, a proportion of the participants who noticed the cross in the switch and flash conditions were statistically comparable. The results suggest that an unexpected object with even a single luminance change can break inattentional blindness in a multi-object tracking task.

Modality switch effects emerge early and increase throughout conceptual processing: Evidence from ERPs

This repository contains all of the data from our study, including: conference paper and poster, stimuli norming, experiment set-up, behavioural pretest, main behavioural and electrophysiological data, and extensive R code for descriptives, plots, and statistical analysis.AbstractWe tested whether conceptual processing is modality-specific by tracking the time course of the Conceptual Modality Switch effect. Forty-six participants verified the relation between property words and concept words. The conceptual modality of consecutive trials was manipulated in order to produce an Auditory-to-visual switch condition, a Haptic-to-visual switch condition, and a Visual-to-visual, no-switch condition. Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were time-locked to the onset of the first word (property) in the target trials so as to measure the effect online and to avoid a within-trial confound. A switch effect was found, characterized by more negative ERP amplitudes for modality switches than no-switches. It proved significant in four typical time windows from 160 to 750 milliseconds post word onset, with greater strength in the Slow group, in posterior brain regions, and in the N400 window. The earliest switch effect was located in the language brain region, whereas later it was more prominent in the visual region. In the N400 and Late Positive windows, the Quick group presented the effect especially in the language region, whereas the Slow had it rather in the visual region. These results suggest that contextual factors such as time resources modulate the engagement of linguistic and embodied systems in conceptual processing.Bernabeu, P., Willems, R. M., & Louwerse, M. M. (2017). Modality switch effects emerge early and increase throughout conceptual processing: Evidence from ERPs. In G. Gunzelmann, A. Howes, T. Tenbrink, & E. J. Davelaar (Eds.), Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1629-1634). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. https://mindmodeling.org/cogsci2017/papers/0318/See also later analyses available here. These will be included in a forthcoming journal article.ReferencesCollins, J., Pecher, D., Zeelenberg, R., & Coulson, S. (2011). Modality switching in a property verification task: an ERP study of what happens when candles flicker after high heels click. Frontiers in Psychology, 2.Hald, L. A., Marshall, J.-A., Janssen, D. P., & Garnham, A. (2011). Switching modalities in a sentence verification task: ERP evidence for embodied language processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 2.Hauk, O. (2016). Only time will tell—Why temporal information is essential for our neuroscientific understanding of semantics. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23.Louwerse, M., & Connell, L. (2011). A taste of words: linguistic context and perceptual simulation predict the modality of words. Cognitive Science, 35, 2, 381-98.Mahon, B.Z., & Hickok, G. (2016). Arguments about the nature of concepts: Symbols, embodiment, and beyond. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 941-958.The modality exclusivity norms used for the stimuli are attached to this project as a linked component.Plot waveforms within any sections of the data (https://pablobernabeu.shinyapps.io/ERP-waveform-visualization_CMS-experiment/), and see the more general visualizations (https://figshare.com/articles/EEG_study_on_conceptual_modality-switching_Bernabeu_et_al_in_prep_/4210863).

Selective Working Memory Disables Inhibition of Visual Features

Recent research suggests that information held in working memory can facilitate subsequent attentional processing. Here, we explore the negative corollary of this conception: Under which circumstances does information in working memory disrupt subsequent processing? Seventy participants performed visual discriminations in a dual-task paradigm. They were asked to judge colors or shapes in an online attention task under three different working-memory conditions: Same, Switch, or Unknown. In the Same condition, participants selectively maintained one visual feature in working memory, from the same dimension as in the online attention task. In the Switch condition, participants selectively maintained one visual feature in working memory, but had to focus on another visual dimension in the online attention task. In the Unknown condition, participants could not predict which visual feature would be relevant for the working-memory task. We found that irrelevant features in the online attention task were particularly difficult to ignore in the Switch condition, that is, when the irrelevant features belong to a visual dimension that is simultaneously prioritized in selective working memory. The findings are consistent with accounts in terms of neural overlap between working-memory and attention circuits, and suggest that mechanisms of selection, rather than resource limitations, critically determine the extent of visual interference.

Task Switching After Stroke

Background and Purpose Task switching is a cognitive skill that may be compromised after brain damage. The purposes of this study were to examine task-switching abilities in the subacute phase after stroke, to determine whether a switching task under endogenous or internal control is more difficult than a switching task under exogenous or cued control, and to determine whether deficits in switching attenuate in the first few months after stroke. Subjects The participants in this study were 46 adults with stroke and 38 adults without stroke. Methods Subjects performed 2 computer-based switching tasks, an alternating task that relied on endogenous control and a cued task that relied on exogenous control. Testing was done in subjects’ homes at 1 and 3 months after stroke and at a 2-month interval for control subjects. Switch costs, or the difference between the no-switch condition and the switch condition, were calculated for accuracy and response time. Results Subjects in the stroke group had higher switch costs for accuracy than did subjects in the control group. The alternating task was more difficult than the cued task, with higher switch costs for accuracy and response time. The alternating task was particularly difficult for subjects in the stroke group, with high switch costs for accuracy. Both groups showed decreased response time switch costs at the second testing session. Discussion and Conclusion Task switching, particularly if under endogenous control, is impaired in adults in the subacute phase after stroke. Clinicians should be aware of performance deficits that may relate to task switching.