Nitrate removal during Fe(III) bio-reduction in microbial-mediated iron redox cycling systems

Fe(III) bio-reduction provides a prospect of applying the iron redox cycle to nitrate remediation in the aquatic environment. The objective of this study was to realize multiple nitrate removals in the system containing Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (S. oneidensis MR-1) and ferrihydrite or magnetite. The results showed that with three periods of 30 mg·L−1 NO3−-N addition, all nitrate reduction was completed within 170 h. In the first period (0–30 h) of nitrate addition, the main contribution of nitrate removal was due to the biological reduction process by S. oneidensis MR-1, accompanied by the reduction of Fe(III). During the second (45–90 h) and third periods (100–170 h) of nitrate addition, oxidation of biogenic Fe(II) coupled with the reduction of nitrate took place. This redox reaction resulted in the production of gaseous nitrogen of 47.33% and 16.8% for ferrihydrite/S. oneidensis MR-1 and magnetite/S. oneidensis MR-1 systems, respectively. In addition, nitrite, as an intermediate product, accumulated and negatively affected nitrate removal after the third addition of nitrate. By comparing the patterns of X-ray diffraction of the iron minerals before and after the bio-reduction, it was found that ferrihydrite was transformed into magnetite, while magnetite kept its original crystal form.

Plummeting anthropogenic environmental degradation by amending nutrient-N input method in saffron growing soils of north-west Himalayas

Nitrous-oxide emission and nitrate addition from agriculture to earth’s environment are two main agriculture related anthropogenic causes of environmental degradation that needs greater attention. For addressing the aforesaid issue, new techniques/practices need to be developed and implemented. The present investigation, which was focused on this issue, resulted in developing a new mode of nitrogen (N) placement, i.e. ‘mid rib placement upper to corms in two splits (MRPU-2S)’, that could reduce nitrous oxide N emission by around 70.11% and, nitrate N leaching and runoff by around 68.26 and 67.09%, respectively, over conventional method, in saffron growing soils of northwest Himalayas. Besides plummeting environmental degradation, MRPU-2S further resulted in enhancing saffron yield by 33.33% over conventional method. The findings of the present investigation were used to develop new empirical models for predicting saffron yield, nitrate N leaching and nitrous-oxide N emission. The threshold limits of nitrate N leaching and nitrous oxide N emission have also been reported exclusively in the present study.