THE CHILD-BEASTIN THE CONTEXT OF THE MILITARY SATIRE OF S. MARSHAK («YONG FRITZ, OR EXAM FOR THE “BEASTNESS” CERTIFICATE»)

Введение. На примере сатирического творчества С. Маршака военных лет исследуются проблемы формирования советской детской литературы 1920–1940-х гг. Актуальность исследования определяется разработкой проблематики «зверости» как ключевой метафоры идеологического воздействия на человека. Содержание статьи – анализ поэтических средств создания образа героя, изучение его генезиса и специфики выразительных средств. Цель – исследование приемов сатирического изображения ребенка-фашиста в творчестве Маршака периода Великой Отечественной войны. Материал и методы. Материалом исследования является комплекс текстов Маршака о «Юном Фрице». Указанные тексты и вопрос о генезисе их поэтики до настоящего времени не привлекали специального внимания литературоведов. Используются аналитико-описательный, культурно-исторический, герменевтический методы. Сопоставление текстов с видеорядом карикатур и кино основано на методологии интермедиального анализа. Результаты исследования. Изучение стихотворения Маршака 1941 г. «Юный Фриц, или Экзамен на аттестат “зверости”» показывает, что наглядно продемонстрированное в тексте «дурное воспитание» становится главным объектом сатиры писателя, реализованной не только в указанном стихотворении, но и в созданных на его основе произведениях других видов искусства. Отмечены традиции негативного изображения ребенка-немца в книге М. Салтыкова-Щедрина «За рубежом», ряда текстов немецких авторов второй половины XIX в. Заключение. Избранная Маршаком сатирическая стратегия изображения врага оказывается многонаправленной: поэт показал, сколь опасны педагогические достижения в моделировании человека определенного типа. Introduction. The article examines the problems of the formation of Soviet children’s literature of the 1920s-1940s using the example of the satirical works of S. Marshak of the war years. The relevance of the research is determined by the development of the problem of «beastness» as a key metaphor for the ideological impact on a person. The content of the article is an analysis of the poetic means of creating the image of hero, the study of its genesis and the specifics of expressive means. The aim is to study the techniques of satirical depiction of a fascist child in the works of Marshak during the Great Patriotic War. Material and methods. The research material is a complex of texts by Marshak about «Young Fritz». The mentioned texts and the question of the genesis of their poetics have not attracted special attention of literary critics until now. Analytical-descriptive, cultural-historical, hermeneutic methods are used. Comparison of texts with video sequences of cartoons and films is based on the methodology of intermedia analysis. Results and discussion. The study of Marshak’s 1941 poem «Young Fritz, or the exam for the “beastness” certificate» shows that the «bad upbringing» clearly demonstrated in the text becomes the main object of the writer’s satire, realized not only in this poem, but also in works of other types of art created on its basis. Traditions of a negative image of a German child in the book of M. Saltykov-Shchedrin “Zarubezhom”, a number of texts by German authors of the second half of the 19th century are noted. Conclusion. The satirical strategy of depicting the enemy chosen by Marshak turns out to be multidirectional: the poet showed how dangerous pedagogical achievements in modeling a person of a certain type are.

Word Segmentation Cues in German Child-Directed Speech: A Corpus Analysis

To acquire language, infants must learn to segment words from running speech. A significant body of experimental research shows that infants use multiple cues to do so; however, little research has comprehensively examined the distribution of such cues in naturalistic speech. We conducted a comprehensive corpus analysis of German child-directed speech (CDS) using data from the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) database, investigating the availability of word stress, transitional probabilities (TPs), and lexical and sublexical frequencies as potential cues for word segmentation. Seven hours of data (~15,000 words) were coded, representing around an average day of speech to infants. The analysis revealed that for 97% of words, primary stress was carried by the initial syllable, implicating stress as a reliable cue to word onset in German CDS. Word identity was also marked by TPs between syllables, which were higher within than between words, and higher for backwards than forwards transitions. Words followed a Zipfian-like frequency distribution, and over two-thirds of words (78%) were monosyllabic. Of the 50 most frequent words, 82% were function words, which accounted for 47% of word tokens in the entire corpus. Finally, 15% of all utterances comprised single words. These results give rich novel insights into the availability of segmentation cues in German CDS, and support the possibility that infants draw on multiple converging cues to segment their input. The data, which we make openly available to the research community, will help guide future experimental investigations on this topic.

Kranke Kinder haben Rechte!

In the last 200 years, the field of paediatrics has taken enormously successful strides forward. However, in a healthcare system which is being increasingly geared towards efficiency and optimisation, the needs and rights of sick children are often overlooked, which includes aspects of hospital architecture and the necessary resources to afford children the time they need. Treating them as equals and respecting their participatory rights are also often neglected, while the particularities of paediatrics are hardly acknowledged in political debate or in the media. The first German Child Health Summit, at which representatives from all Germany’s university children’s hospitals, experts in constitutional law, ethicists and experts from child rights and patients organisations discussed how the situation in the field of paediatrics can be improved and how the right of sick children to receive comprehensive healthcare can be guaranteed, focused on the current challenges involved in treating ill children. This book documents the contributions that were discussed at the conference.

Zoonotic infection with swine A/H1avN1 influenza virus in a child, Germany, June 2020

A zoonotic A/sw/H1avN1 1C.2.2 influenza virus infection was detected in a German child that presented with influenza-like illness, including high fever. There was a history of close contact with pigs 3 days before symptom onset. The child recovered within 3 days. No other transmissions were observed. Serological investigations of the virus isolate revealed cross-reactions with ferret antisera against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, indicating a closer antigenic relationship with A(H1N1)pdm09 than with the former seasonal H1N1 viruses.

The digitalization of a social work theory: Experiences of a German child welfare social worker

A German child welfare practitioner describes the municipal endeavor to digitalize aspects of a social work theory within an electronic information system for use in daily practice and its reception of the practitioners. Reflections on implications for practice and future research are provided.