On neutralization of charged black holes

For non-spinning, charged (Reissner–Nordström) black holes, the particles with an opposite sign of charge with respect to that of the black hole will be pulled into the black hole by the extra electromagnetic force. Such a hole will be quickly neutralized so that there should not exist significantly charged, non-spinning black holes in the universe. The case of spinning, charged (Kerr–Newmann, KN) black holes is more complicated. For a given initial position and initial velocity of the particle, an oppositely charged particle does not always more easily fall into the black hole than a neutral particle. The possible existence of a magnetosphere further complicate the picture. One therefore cannot straightforwardly conclude that a charged spinning black hole will be neutralized. In this paper, we make the first step to investigate the neutralization of KN black holes without introducing a magnetosphere. We track the particle trajectories under the influence of the curved space–time and the electromagnetic field carried by the spinning, charged black hole. A statistical method is used to investigate the neutralization problem. We find a universal dependence of the falling probability into the black hole on the charge of the test particle, with the oppositely charged particles having a higher probability of falling. We therefore conclude that charged, spinning black holes without a magnetosphere should be quickly neutralized, consistent with people’s intuition. The neutralization problem of KN black holes with a corotating force-free magnetosphere is subject to further studies.

Tibetan Buddhism and the formation of ecological consciousness: a view from Buryatia

Technicization of human and society, active development of technogenic civilization leads to gradual separation from moral values and principles. These values include ideas of unity and harmony of human with nature, with the surrounding environment, and reasonable, moderate attitude towards natural resources. We believe that humanity should move from the industrial to ecological civilization. The foundations of a new ecophilosophy should become holistic principles, representations of philosophy in general and Buddhism in particular. We outlined basic principles and methods for improving personality of altruistic ethics of Mahayana Buddhism that contribute to human understanding of inseparability, interconnection with the world. We focus on the central Buddhist concept – the absence of an individual ‘I’ that is understood as necessity of recognizing oneself as a separate empirical individual. That is confirmed by a translation of the text PrajnaParamitaHridaya Sutra from Tibetan language. The paper analyzes three types of spiritual personality that correspond to three stages of the Path to awakening. Each stage is a step towards the formation of subjectless consciousness, that is, awareness of universal dependence and responsibility for their actions. The paper argues that for ecological consciousness it is important to form an understanding that the main reason for human existence in not the technosphere, not the economy, but the living nature.

Evaluation of bond between reinforcement and concrete

The scheme of stressed state changes of the concrete contact layer and reinforcing rod during its pulling out of concrete is considered. The most important drawbacks of the known methods for evaluating the bond strength of reinforcement to concrete have been analyzed. Particular attention is focused on bond estimating by average tangential stresses. It is substantiated why the linear dependence of these stresses on normal stresses in the reinforcement cannot cover the processes of reinforcement bonding with concrete in the stage of use of reinforced concrete elements. A universal dependence of the average tangential stresses for estimating the reinforcement bond to concrete at any stage of elements deformation is proposed. Statistical evaluation of the obtained dependence was made on the basis of theoretical and experimental values of the average tangential bonding stresses comparison. The area of use of reinforcement bond with concrete average stresses dependence is defined.

Dynamics and polarization of superparamagnetic chiral nanomotors in a rotating magnetic field

We present a theory of dynamic orientation and propulsion of superparamagnetic nano-screws, both showing universal dependence on scaled frequency of actuating magnetic field.